Biol 3

• = ducted glands
• (secret to enter world, GI)
• EXTERIOR WORLD & EPITHELIAL

• = non ducted
• internal = blood
• endothelial

• (made up by AA) vary in size
• - by and large = hydrophilic (dictate type of receptor)
• - membrane bound receptor
• - quick/quicker response

• = made from cholesterol
• - hydrophobic (can cross memb)
• - intercellular receptors
• - slow response

• (2 glands... gland ½ stuck together)
• GnRH → gondotrophin rel h. (receive from hypothal)

[portal sys] hypothal rel → rel factors

(anterior) hypoth conductor of hormones being rel

• - transport nutrients
• - waste products
• - immuneo
• - transport hormones

HEART = pump blood (generate bl & pressure gradient)

• CONDUCTING SYS = (expedite traffic & direct everything) - distribute
• 1. arterial = pressure gradient
• 2. venous = skeletal muscle contraction

• BLOOD =
• 1. plasma = liquid
• 2. formed elements = RBC; WBC; platelets

• 
• RA - right atrium
• vena cava
• tricuspid (R. atrioventicular valve)
• right ventricle -- pulmonary A. & pulmonary semilunar valve

• LA - left atrium
• pulmonary v.
• bicuspid (mitral)

• LV
• aorta

• 
• ductus arteriosus: connection b/w pulmon a. (&/ pumping) aorta
• ductus venosus: by pass liver
• foramen ovale: push bl → LV

• - contract ventricles V
• - relax A
• |→ close AV valve
• |→ open semilunar

• - relax V
• - contract A
• |→ open AV valve
• |→ close semilunar

• 
• tropomin + Ca²⁺
• = move troponin off of myosin binding sites on actin

• Arteries = high pressure, w/ losts of muscle = TONE
• ➡ Arterioles = 1o control of pressure at cap
• Capillaries = thinnest basement memb & endothelial tissue;
• exchange of nutrients & waste products
• Veins = low pressure & return blood to heart

• 
• arterioles = control profusion of bl into cap

↑# cap = ↓R

• 
• pulsative → laminar flow

• Diffusion
• hydrostatic P = pressure due to flow of bloood
• osmotic/ oncotic P = due to the "stuff" inside

• 
• always have some behind ➜ edema

thoracic duct = largest lymph vessel (pick up extra liq)

• - what provides force for liquid?
• unidirectional flow of liquid (muscle mvmt)

• Lymph node = "watch post"
• (scanning for foreign to attack) (B & T cells)

• Plasma = (soluble in our H2O)
• proteins (→ albumin, compliment), H2O, salts

• Formed Elements = derived from bone marrow → erythropoeitic & stem cells
• - erythrocytes, leuk, and platelets

• - Vit K = make in gut by bact
• - granular
• - no nucleus
• - needed for clotting

Fibrin (fibrinogen = inactive form)

clot = thrombus

free floating clot = embolus

homeostasis = keeping blood in blood vessels

• = WBC
• B-cells = stay & mature in bone marrow; Ab prod (plasma cells)
• T-cells = grow up/ mature in thymus gland
• - [CD4⁺; CD8⁺; T-cell receptor]

mature in thymus gland

• CD4⁺ = (conductors; direct) direct immune sys
• CD8⁺ = cytotoxic T-cells = kill infected cells
• T-cell receptor = recognize specific pept. bond by MHC I/II

MHC I - expressed or most cells NOT RBC; CD8⁺ recognize & respond

MHC II - expressed on APC (antigen presenting cells) [→ B cell, monocytes/macro, dendritic cells]; CD4⁺ recognize & respond

• Monocytes
• macrophage - APC & phagocytic

• Grandocytes
• Neutrophils - phagocytic & produce reactive oxygen species (ROS); peroxide
• Eosinophils - parositic infections; allergic rxn
• Basophils - allergic

[named after what stains attach to]

= nonspecific

• skin
• stomach acid
• lysozyme
• compliment = 20 prot • general pattern
• granulocytes
• macrophages

• = specific
• recognize specific antigen

• Ab
• 1. bind/ present function
• 2. signal for opsonization
• 3. signal for compliment