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DO UNAFFECTED PARENTS HAVE AFFECTED OFFSPRING?
YES, THEN IT'S..........
NO, THEN IT'S........
- YES RECESSIVE aa
- NO DOMINATE AA or Aa
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ARE BOTH SEXES AFFECTED?
YES.....
NO......
YES AUTOSOMAL (CAN BE ON EITHER ONE)
- NO SEX LINKED
- XX FEMALE CIRCLE
- XY MALE SQUARE
- USUALLY X LINKED.
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IF TRAIT IS SEX LINKED, HOW DO YOU KNOW WHAT SEX IT CAME FROM?
LOOK AT AFFECTED MALES AND THEN AT FATHERS.
IF FATHER IS INFECTED IT'S A Y LINKED TRAIT.
IF SON HAS IT, BUT DAD DOES NOT THEN ITS A X LINKED TRAIT, FROM MOTHER.
- REMEMBER:
- XX MOM CIRCLE
- XY DAD SQUARE
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IS IT POSSIBLE THAT THE PEDIGREE IS FOR AN AUTOSOMAL DOMINATE TRAIT?
NO. NEITHER PARENT HAS DOMINATE TRAIT. (A_)
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IS IT POSSIBLE THAT THE PEDIGREE IS FOR AN AUTOSOMAL DOMINATE TRAIT?
YES. ONE PARENT HAS THE DOMINATE GENOTYPE.
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IS IT POSSIBLE THAT THE PEDIGREE IS FOR AN AUTOSOMAL DOMINATE TRAIT?
- YES. IF BOTH PARENTS ARE HETEROZYGOUS.
- Aa * Aa
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IS IT POSSIBLE THAT THE PEDIGREE IS FOR AN AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE TRAIT?
- NO. BOTH PARENTS ARE HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE FOR THE TRAIT. PARENTS CAN ONLY GIVE RECESSIVE ALLELES TO OFFSPRING.
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IS IT POSSIBLE THAT THE PEDIGREE IS FOR AN AUTOSOMAL DOMINATE TRAIT?
YES. BOTH PARENTS AND ALL OFFSPRING HAVE IT.
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IS IT POSSIBLE THAT THE PEDIGREE IS FOR AN AUTOSOMAL DOMINATE TRAIT?
YES. PARENTS COULD BE HETEROZYGOUS RECESSIVE (Aa * Aa).
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IS IT POSSIBLE THAT THE PEDIGREE IS FOR AN AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE TRAIT?
- YES. RECESSIVE CAN SKIP A GENERATION OR TWO. A DOMINATE WOULD SHOULD UP IN EACH GENERATION.
- REMEMBER TO LABEL RECESSIVE (aa) AND DOMINATE (A_) THEN WORK BACKWARDS.
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IS IT POSSIBLE THAT THE PEDIGREE IS AN X-LINKED RECESSIVE TRAIT?
NO. X COMES FROM MOM (XaXa )(CIRCLE). IF THE MOM HAS AN X LINKED TRAIT THE SON WILL HAVE IT AS WELL. EVEN IF THE DAD IS XAY.
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IS IT POSSIBLE THAT THE PEDIGREE IS AN X-LINKED RECESSIVE TRAIT?
YES. MOM (XaXa )(CIRCLE). IF THE MOM HAS AN X LINKED TRAIT THE SON (SQUARE) WILL HAVE IT AS WELL.
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IS IT POSSIBLE THAT THE PEDIGREE IS AN X-LINKED RECESSIVE TRAIT?
YES. DAUGHTER GET X A FROM DAD. SHE WOULD BE A CARRIER.
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IS IT POSSIBLE THAT THE PEDIGREE IS AN X-LINKED RECESSIVE TRAIT?
NO. DAUGHTER GETS XA FROM DAD. SHE WOULD NEED XaXa TO SHOW THE TRAIT, BUT SHE ONLY HAS ONE.
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IS IT POSSIBLE THAT THE PEDIGREE IS AN X-LINKED RECESSIVE TRAIT?
YES. MOM MAY HAVE DOMINATE ALLELE, BUT SHE CAN CARRY RECESSIVE. THE FACT THAT DAD HAS IT DOES NOT MATTER, BECAUSE HE PASSES THE Y TO THE SON.
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T OR F
THERE IS NO TRANSMISSION OF FATHER TO SON X-LINKED TRAITS.
- TRUE.
- DAD PASSES THE Y.
- X IS FROM MOM.
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IS IT POSSIBLE THAT THE PEDIGREE IS AN X-LINKED RECESSIVE TRAIT?
NO. WHERE THE HELL IS THE DOMINATE ALLELE GOING TO COME FROM?
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YOU HAVE TWO UNAFFECTED PARENTS, BUT THEY PRODUCE 1 AFFECT OFFSPRING OUT OF 4. WHAT TYPE OF TRAIT IS IT?
RECESSIVE.
REMEMBER: IF BOTH PARENTS ARE UNAFFECTED BUT PRODUCE AFFECTED OFFSPRING, IT'S A RECESSIVE TRAIT.
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HOW DO YOU KNOW IF THE TRAIT IS AUTOSOMAL OR SEX LINKED?
- LOOK AND SEE ARE BOTH SEXES AFFECTED?
- IF YES THEN IT'S AUTOSOMAL.
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IF YOU HAVE A FEMALE (CIRCLE) WITH THE RECESSIVE PHENOTYPE WHO HAS A FATHER OR A SON WITH THE DOMINATE PHENOTYPE WHAT DOES IT MEAN?
IT MEANS THAT THE TRAIT CAN NOT BE X- LINKED DOMINATE TRAIT.
USUALLY MEANS AUTOSOMAL TRANSMITTANCE. BE CAREFUL IT MAY BE A DOMINATE OR A RECESSIVE.
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frequency of the dominant allele in the population.
THE HARDY-WEINBERG LAW
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P
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THE HARDY-WEINBERG LAW.
frequency of the recessive allele in the population
q
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HARDY-WEINBERG
percentage of homozygous dominant individuals
P2
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HARDY-WEINBERG
percentage of homozygous recessive individuals
q2
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hardy-weinberg.
percentage of heterozygous individuals
2PQ
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HETROZYGOUS * HETROZYGOUS
(TtYy * TtYy)
WHAT IS THE RATIO OF OFFSPRING
9:3:3:1
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Tt * Tt = WHAT RATIO OF OFFSPRING?
3:1
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Tt * tt = WHAT RATIO OF OFFSPRING?
1:1
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TtYy *ttyy = OFFSPRING RATIO
1:1:1:1
OR A 1/4 CHANCE FOR EACH GENOTYPE.
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SsBb * SsBb.
HOW MANY OFFSPRING WILL HAVE SMOOTH BLK COAT ON AVERAGE.
SMOOTH AND BLK ARE DOM.
9
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DEFINE EPISTASIS
A gene at one locus may affect phenotypic expression of a gene at another locus.
The B/b gene determines the pigment color (B for black and b for brown)
The epistatic C/c gene controls whether or not any pigment will be deposited in the hair.
A homozygous recessive cc mouse has no hair pigment and is albino regardless of its B/b genotype.
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DEFINE LAW OF SEGERATION
THE DOMINATE ALLELE DETERMINES A HETEROZYGOUS INDIVIDUAL TRAIT OR PHENOTYPE.
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DEFINE LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT.
CROSSING TRUE-BREEDING PARENTS DIFFERING IN TWO TRAITS PRODUCES DIHYBRIDS IN THE F1 GENERATION HETEROZYGOUS FOR BVOTH TRAITS, AND FOUR PHENOTYPES IN THE F2 GENERATION.
THINK DIHYBRID CROSS
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IF COAT COLOR IS CONTROLLED BY 3 PAIRS OF ALLELES, HOW MANY DIFFERENT SHADES ARE POSSIBLE IF ALL DOMINATE GENES HAVE THE SAME QUANTITATIVE EFFECT?
7
THINK POLYGENETIC INHERITANCE.
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INVESTIGATORS NOTE THAT ALBINO TIGER USUALLY HAVE CROSSED EYES. WHAT 2 INHERITANCE PATTERNS CAN ACCOUNT FOR A PHENOTYPE SUCH AS THIS?
- EPISTASIS ONE GENE EFFECTS ANOTHER.
- PLEIOTROPY ONE GENE EFFECTS TWO OTHER GENES.
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DEFINE KLINEFELTER SYNDROME
MALE WITH UNDERDEVELOPED TESTES AND SOME BREST DEVELOPMENT.
THIS MALES HAS 2 OR MORE X CHROMOSOMES IN ADDITION TO THE Y CHROMOSOME.
THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF A ABNORMAL SEX (AUTOSOMAL) CHROMOSOME INHERITANCE.
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DEFINE TRISOMY 21
DOWN SYNDROME
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FEMALE XO, WHAT SYNDROME?
TURNER SYNDROME
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_______ ________ IS ALWAYS CAUSED BY NONDISCUNCTION OF CHROMOSOME 21.
DOWN SYNDROME
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COLR BLINDNESS AND MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY WHAT IS THE CAUSE OF BOTH?
X LINKED RECESSIVE DISORDERS.
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T OR F
X LINKED RECESSIVE DISEASE. FOR A FEMALE TO HAVE THE CHARACTERISTIC, HER FATHER MUST ALSO HAVE IT. HER MOTHER MUST HAVE IT OR BE A CARRIER.
TRUE
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X LINKED RECESSIVE.
AN AFFECTED SON CAN HAVE PARENTS WHO HAVE A NORMAL PHENOTYPE.
TRUE.
THE CHARACTERISTIC OFTEN SKIPS A GENERATION FROM THE GRANDFATHER TO THE GRANDSON.
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