micro

Chemotherapy refers to the use of chemical agents (drugs) to treat disease. This may or may not refer specifically to cancer.

They kill organisms without harming humans.

Fungi.

Antimicrobial therapy refers to the use of chemical agents to treat disease by specifically killing or inhibiting microorganisms that cause the disease without harming the host's cells.

They treat.

A measure taken for the prevention of a disease or condition.

Naturally or synthetically.

Antibiotics are made by living organisms and are effective against other living things.

They are lab altered natural products.

They are also called "derivatives" of a particular drug.

They are made by people in a laboratory.

Moldy bread and grains; plant extracts; plant minerals (leaves, bark, etc); lichen & fungus; alcoholic fermentation products; animal products (hair, saliva, fat, etc).

The first actual laboratory test of an antimicrobial substance was tested and successful.

Test of an antimicrobial substance was "Salvarsan" for the treatment of Syphilis (arsenic plus phenol) was successful. Patients were cured of their Syphilis but soon died of heavy metal poisioning.

A red dye called protonsil was used against infections caused by gram positive bacteria.

The active ingredient was found to be "sulfanilamide" and could be extracted from the red dye.

Fleming.

Gram positive bacteria.

Fleming, Florey, and Chain.

They could become air bourne and contaminate other people.

Antibiotics are common metabolic products of aerobic spore-forming bacteria and fungi.

Bacteria in genera Streptomyces and Bacillus.

Molds in genera Penicillium and Cephalosporium.

They should be selectively toxic.

The antimicrobial drugs being used should kill or inhibit microbial cells without simultaneously damaging host tissues. (You want to hurt the organism, not the patient).

As the characteristics of the infectious agent become more similar to the vertebrate host, complete selective toxicity becomes more difficult to achieve and more side effects are seen.

5

• 1. Inhibition of microbial cell wall synthesis (ex. Penicillin).
• 2. Disruption of microbial cell membranes (ex. Polymyxin).
• 3. Inhibition of microbial protein synthesis/interference with bacterial ribosomes (ex. Streptomycin).
• 4. Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis (ex. Rifampin).
• 5. Blocks key metabollic pathways.

• 1. Penicillin
• 2. Cephalosporin
• 3. Vancomycin
• 4. Bacitracin
• 5. Monobactam
• 6. Fostomyocin
• 7. Cyclosenine
• 8. Isoniazid

Polymyoxins

Targets a wide variety of organisms such as a component common to most pathogens. Often will disrupt normal bacterial flora of a host.

Targets a specific cell component that is found in only certain microbes, ex. gram positive organisms.

Peptidoglycan.

Penicillins and Cephalosporins.

Active young growing cells.

They are less effective against gram negative organisms.

Gram negative bacteria.