Anatomy Exam 3

Frontal Lobe -> Internal Capsule -> Mesencephalon -> Pons -> Medulla -> Ventral Horn -> Ventral Root -> Ramus -> Plexus -> Nerve(s) -> Muscle

Receptor -> Nerve(s) -> Plexus -> Ramus -> Dorsal Root Ganglion -> Dorsal Root -> Dorsal Horn -> Thalamus -> Internal Capsule -> Parietal Lobe

• 1. Olfactory: Smell
• 2. Optic: Vision
• 3. Oculomotor: Motor
• 4. Trochlear: Motor
• 5. Trigeminal: Opthalmic
• 6. Abducens: Motor
• 7. Facial: Motor and Acoustic
• 8. Vestibulocochlear: Learning
• 9. Glossopharyngeal: Tongue
• 10. Vagus: Mixed Autonomic
• 11. Accesory: Swallowing
• 12. Hypoglossal: Tongue

• Plexus at 3^rd and 4^th ventricles (capillary beds)
• Prevents passage of unwanted material
• Actively transports glucose to the brain
• Increases permeability of hypothalamus and pineal gland

• Cushion delicate structures
• Float brain
• Provides nutrients and hormones, and removes wastes

• 1. Stimulus
• 2. Sensory information sent to Central Nervous System
• 3. Processing and coordination of information
• 4. Motor command sent
• 5. Response by effector

• Spinal Cord
• Vertebrae
• Meninges
• Cerebrospinal fluid

• Brain
• Skull
• Meninges
• Cerebrospinal fluid
• Blood brain barrier

• Produced at choroid plexus at each ventricle
• Goes from lateral ventricle -> intraventricular foramen -> 3^rd ventricle -> cerebral aqueduct -> 4^th ventricle
• Goes to subarachnoid space where it travels through brain and spinal cord
• Enters spinal cord and gets reabsorbed at arachnoid granulations
• Enters superior sagittal sinus
• Enters blood system

• Increased alertness
• Feeling of energy and euphoria
• Excites cardiovascular and respiratory centers
• Increase muscle tone
• Release of glycogen and lipids = energy

• Constriction of pupils
• Secretion by digestive glands
• Secretion if hormones
• Increased smooth muscle activity
• Constriction of respirstory passageways
• Reduction in heart rate and force of contraction
• Sexual arousal

• Dual innervation
• Cranial area regions reached by chain ganglia and cranial ganglia
• Thoracic and abdominal regions innervated by plexuses

• Performed by cerebral cortex
• Involve conscious and unconscious control
• Involve complex interactions between brain areasa
• Are subject to learning and modification through time

• Gradations of consciousness
• Interactions of many brain areas
• Primary function is to keep you awake and alert
• Poorly defined network projects onto cerebral cortex

• 1^st Order Neuron: Dorsal Root -> Spinal Cord
• 2^nd Order Neuron: Spinal Cord -> Thalamus / Cerebellum
• 3^rd Order Neuron: Thalamus -> Cerebral Cortex

• Delirium
• Dementia
• Confusion
• Normal consciousness
• Somnolence
• Chronic vegetative state

• Asleep
• Coma
• Stupor

• Myelinated
• Usually produced Ach

• Unmyelinated
• Releases Ach or NE as needed

• 2 Types of Synapses
• 1. Cholinergic: releases Ach between preganglionic neuron and ganglion
• 2. Adrenergic: between postganglionic and receptor (Ach and/or NE)
• 2 Types of Receptors
• 1. Adrenergic
• - alpha: Smooth muscle and sphincter, blood vessels
• - beta: Skeletal, smooth, increased metabolic rate
• 2. Cholenergic: Respond to Ach, effect sweat glands, general relaxation

• -All neurons respond to Ach
• 2 Types of Receptors
• 1. Nicotrinic: Respond to Ach in excitatory manner
• "preganglionic"
• 2. Muscarinic: Found in neural effector junction
• Excitatory
• Inhibitory

• Increased Alertness
• Feeling of energy and euphoria
• Excites cardiovascular and respiratory centers
• Increased muscle tone
• Release of glycogen and lipids = energy

• Temperature
• Pain
• Touch
• Pressure
• Vibration
• Proprioception

• Smell
• Taste
• Balance
• Hearing
• Vision

• Each receptor has characteristic sensitivity
• - Receptor specificity
• - Receptor Field: Area monitored by a single receptor cell

• Peripheral (sensory) Adaptation: Receptors or sensory neurons alter their levels of activity
• Synaptic Fatigue:
• - Phasic receptors: Fast-adapting receptors
• - Tonic receptors: Slow-adapting receptors

• Central Adaptation: inhibition of nuclei
• - Restricts the amount of detail arriving at the cerebral cortex

• Exteroceptors provide information about the external environment
• Proprioceptor monitors body position
• Interoceptors monitor conditions inside the body

• Nociceptors respond to tissue damage
• Thermoreceptors respond to change in temperature
• Mechanoreceptors are stimulated by physical distortion, contact, or pressure
• Chemoreceptors monitor the chemical composition of body fluids.

• Ingestion
• Mechanical Processing
• Digestion
• Secretion
• Absorption
• Excretion
• Compaction

Exocrine cells secrete buffers and digestive enzymes; endocrine cells secrete hormones

• 1. Falciform Ligament: Diaphragm to liver
• 2. Greater Omentum: Greater curvature of stomach, wraps around small intestine goes back and attached to large intestine and posterior wall
• 3. Lesser Omentum: Lesser curvature of stomach to liver and posterior wall
• 4. Mesocolon: Large intestine to posterior wall
• 5. Mesentary Proper: Small intestine to posterior wall

• Support organs, veins, arteries, lymphatic, adipose, connective tissue
• Provides nutrients, O₂, collects waste, collects bacteria

• Buccal Phase: Compress bolus against hard palate, elevates soft palate, tongue retracts
• Pharyngeal Phase: Bolus touches posterior pharyngeal wall, epiglottis tips backwards, bolus enters esophagus
• Esophageal Phase: Upper esophageal sphincter opens, peristalsis begins, lower esophageal sphincter opens

• Conscious thought, memory, and learning
• Frontal Lobe: Primary Motor Cortex
• Occipital Lobe: Primary Visual Cortex
• Parietal Lobe: Primary Sensory Cortex
• Temporal Lobe: Primary Auditory and Olfactory Cortex

• Controls large subconscious movements
• Involved in starting, stopping, and intensity of movement

• Sensory "relay station" for cerebral cortex
• Primitive awareness of sensory information

• Main control center for ANS
• Center of emotion (rage, fear, pleasure, libido)
• Sleep-wake cycles
• Endocrine control

Contain "pyramidal" tracts descending from cortex towards spinal cord

• Involved in visual reflexes (tracking of eyes on a moving target)
• Involved in auditory reflexes ("startle reflex" to loud sound)

• Bridge between cerebral cortex and cerebellum for coordination of voluntary movement
• Smooths transition between inhalation and exhalation

• Receives information about equilibrium, movement of body, motor commands from cerebral cortex
• Smooths and coordinates body movements

• Pathway for sensory relay
• Visceral centers for autonomic function
• Works with hypothalamus