Biology Ch 4

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Deoxy means "no oxy" or no oxygen - less one oxygen

Ribonucleic Acid

The study of compounds that contain Carbon

through the action of plants that use the CO₂ out of the atmosphere along with solar energy to make glucose. the producers are then eaten by consumers passing the carbon on.

Carbon and Hydrogen

Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosperous

belief in a life force outside the jurisdiction of physical and chemical laws (foundation of early organic chemistry)

belief that physical and chemical laws govern all phenomena, including life

Carbon has 6 electrons -2 in first shell, 4 in valence = TETRAVALENCE

need 4 more electrons to be stable to forms all kinds of bonds

when carbon forms 4 single covalent bonds the arrangement is similar to a pyramid . The bond angles are 109.5^o

O=C=O

All the bonds around those carbons are on the same plane - the molecule is flat

• C-C-C-C
• Carbon chains for the skeletons of most organic molecules

• molecules that consist of only carbons and hydrogens arranged in different ways
• (hydrocarbons are the major component of petrolium)
• Fats = store energy

• 1. Unbranched
• 2. Branched
• 3. Rings
• 

two molecules have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas

• C₆H₁₂O₆ = Glucose
• C₆H₁₂O₆ = Fructose (sweeter than glucose)

BUILT DIFFERENT = IF FORM IS DIFFERENT THEN FUNCTION WILL BE DIFFERENT

Difference depends on a doulbe bond and the arrangements of the atoms around the double bond.

isomers that have mirror images of each other (right hand and left hand)

• important in pharmaceutical
• thalidomide - (50 & 60s) reduced morning sickness but enantiomer caused birth defects
• ibuprophen - reduces pain and inflamation but enantiomer does nothing
• albuterol - asthma but enantiomer counteracts the effect

different chemical groups that bond to a carbon skeleton and alter its function by changing its shape or by being directly involved in chemical reactions

• hydroxyl
• carbonyl
• carboxyl
• amino
• sulfhydryl
• phosphate

methyl - not a functional group

The six functional groups are hydrophiluic and increase solubility of organic compounds in water

The methyl group is hydrophobic and acts as a recognizable tag on biological molecules

Balanced

• Adenosine Triphosphate - Three Phosphate groups - stores the potental to react with water - when it reacts with water it produces energy and ADP (looses a phosphate - Adenosine Diphosphate)
• 

sun + 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂

• -OH
• AlcOHols
• Hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom which is bonded to a carbon skeleton
• Ethanol (alcoholic beverages)
• 

• =CO
• Carbon atom joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond

Called Keytones if the corbonyl group is attached to a carbon in the middle of the skeleton (acetone)

• Called Aldehydes if the carbonyl group is attached to a carbon at the end of the skeleton (propanal)
• 

• -COOH
• Carboxylic Acid
• An oxygen atom is double bonded to a carbon atom that is bonded to an -OH (Hydroxyl) group
• Acetic Acid (which is in vinegar)
• 

• -NH₂
• Amines
• Nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and to the carbon skeleton
• Amino acids are carbon skeletons with both an Amino Group and a Carboxyl groups attached

• -SH
• Thiols (present in amino acids)
• Sullfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom
• 

• -OPO₃^2-
• phosphorus atom bonded to 4 oxygen atoms - one oxygen is bonded to the carbon skeleton - two oxygens carry negative charges
• *Relases energy when it reacts with water*
• ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate (tri = 3 energy)
• ADP- Adenosine Diphosphate (di=2 energy)
• 

• -CH³
• NOT a functional group - HYDROPHOBIC
• carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms (methy group may be attached to carbon or a different atom)
• Vital for Hormones - methy groups in sex hormones affect their shape and function