The flashcards below were created by user
CanuckGirl
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
-
define type 1 diabetes and what is its proper name.
- insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
- pancreas no longer produces insulin (insulin insufficiency)
-
define type 2 diabetes and what is its proper name.
- non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
- low levels of insulin produced and secreted, but cells developed insulin resistance
-
unusually high levels of blood glucose occur when: (2)
- there's not enough insulin
- target cells do not adequately respond to insulin
-
In type 1 diabetes, why is the pancreas unable to produce insulin? why is it called "insulin dependent"? (2)
- autoimmune disorder in which the immune system (T cells) attack the beta cells of the pancreas which produce insulin
- destruction of beta cells mean absolute insulin deficiency and such can be called insulin dependent (insulin must be delivered by injection or pump)
-
what type of diabetes is most commonly found in childhood?
type 1
-
type 1 diabetes represents __________% of all diagnosed cases.
5-10%
-
what main factor may be involved in triggering autoimmunity in diabetes (type 1)? what other factors have been found?
- environmental factors, particularly viral infections
- genetic associations and susceptibility genes
-
what are 5 manifestations of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
- extreme thirst
- frequent urination
- sudden vision change
- heavy, laboured breathing
- fruity, sweet odour on breath
-
in what year did the first person with diabetes receive insulin?
1922
-
who discovered insulin?
Frederic Banting and John Macleod University of Toronto
-
In type 2 diabetes, cells are resistant to insulin. what is associated with this?
type 2 diabetes: form associated with a lifestyle of overeating, obesity, and inactivity
-
Type 2 diabetes represents _______% of all diagnosed cases.
90-95%
-
what type of diabetes is common in people over 40?
type 2
-
what are the 2 primary pathogenic responses to type 2 diabetes?
- progressive decline in pancreatic islet function
- diminished tissue response to insulin
-
what are the type 2 diabetes environmental risk factors? (5)
- age > 45
- sex (more common in women)
- sedentary lifestyle (physical inactivity)
- dietary habits (overweight, obesity)
- race/ethnicity
-
how is genetic susceptibility/predisposistion a risk factor for type 2 diabetes?
between 40-50 genetic variants have been discovered which increase the risk of type 2 diabetes
-
what is double diabetes?
- complication in differentiating type 1 from type 2 diabetes (also known as LADY or LADA, 1.5 diabetes)
- hybrid form of diabetes; present clinically as type 2 diabetes but auto-immunity against pancreatic B-cells also evident
-
what is gestational diabetes (GDM)? How does this occur?
- condition in which pregnant woman develops diabetes mellitus
- pregnancy increases the metabolic workload of the maternal pancreas and heightens both insulin resistance and insulin insufficiency
-
how is gestational diabetes caused?
when the placenta produces hormones that make the mother's cells more resistant to insulin and production of insulin insufficient
-
how is gestational diabetes resolved?
resolves after delivery of the baby and placenta
-
what is the symptoms of gestational diabetes?
women may experience no symptoms or some or all of the symptoms of type 1 and type 2 diabetes
-
how is gestational diabetes diagnosed?
glucose challenge test, as part of routine prenatal care
-
what are the gestational diabetes risk factors? (5)
- having parent or sibling with type 2 diabetes
- having gestational diabetes in previous pregnancy
- age over 25 years
- being overweight before pregnancy
- member of a racial or ethnic group with high prevalence for GDM (African Americas, Hispanic, American Indians)
-
what are the health consequences of gestational diabetes in mother and baby?
- mother: some women develop pre-eclampsia during pregnancy (high blood pressure + fluid retention); difficult delivery due to large babies
- baby: excessive growth during prenatal period; macrosomia (birth weight over 9 pounds)
-
what are some treatment strategies for gestational diabetes? (6)
- lifestyle changes: self-monitoring blood glucose levels, eating healthy diet, regular physical activity
- taking insulin
- taking anti-diabetic medication
- annual screening for diabetes after giving birth
-
other etiologic forms of diabetes are due to what 2 things?
- rare genetic defects of the B-cells causing altered insulin secretion
- disease of exocrine pancreas when majority of pancreatic islets have been destroyed
-
what is pre-diabetes?
you don't have diabetes yet but without lifestyle changes you will probably develop type 2 diabetes
-
what is IGT and IFG and how does it correlate to pre-diabetes?
- pre-diabetes is also referred to as IGT an IFG
- impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG): intermediate conditions between normality and diabetes
-
what is the health impact of diabetes?
diabetes increase the risk of developing a variety of co-morbid conditions (such as stroke, ischemic heart disease, hypertension, blindness)
|
|