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CanuckGirl
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__% if diabetes occurs in low- and middle- income countries.
80%
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when you eat, your body breaks down food into glucose. what is glucose?
type of sugar that is your body's main source of energy
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As blood glucose rises, the body sends a signal to the pancreas, which releases?
insulin
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what is insulin?
hormone produced by pancreas which plays a role in regulating carbohydrate and fat metabolism
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how does insulin allow glucose to be used right away by cells?
acting as a key, insulin binds to cell wall (insulin receptor) unlocking the cell so glucose can pass into it. There, most of the glucose is used for energy right away.
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when does the pancreas release insulin?
as your blood glucose rises (after a meal)
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define insulin deficiency.
your pancreas may not produce enough insulin
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define insulin resistance.(2)
- cells don't use insulin properly
- insulin can't fully "unlock" the cells to allow glucose to enter
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what are the 4 cardinal symptoms of diabetes mellitus?
- polyuria
- polydipsia
- polyphagia
- unexplained weight loss
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define polyuria.
frequent urination
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define polydipsia.
extensive thirst
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define polyphagia.
extreme hunger and excessive food consumption
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History of diabetes: what does diabetes literally mean?
"a passer through; a siphon"
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diabetes was used by ancient Greek physicians with the intended meaning of?
" extensive discharge of urine"
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what is the meaning of mellitus?
meaning mellite, sweetened with honey
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what is glycosuria?
when it was noticed that the urine of a diabetic patient had a sweet taste
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define diabetes mellitus.
a disease state of persistent inappropriate excess blood glucose caused by the inability of endogenous insulin to adequately mediate glucose uptake for the target cells that require it
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what is the term for high blood sugar?
hyperglycemia
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diabetes is caused by the combination of what 3 things?
- genetic
- environmental
- lifestyle factors
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what are the 2 reasons for inadequate insulin action?
- lack of insulin production by the B-cells if the pancreas (insulin insufficiency)
- reduced, down regulated or dysregulated insulin receptor signaling (insulin resistance)
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depending on underlying etiology factors causing hyperglycemia may include what 4 things?
- an absolute insulin deficiency
- reduction in insulin secretion
- decreased glucose utilization
- increased glucose production
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what is hyperinsulinism? what does in result in?
- excessive insulin secretion
- results in hyperglycemia, disorientation, unconsciousness
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describe the shape of the pancreas and name the 2 types of functions.
- triangular gland behind the stomach
- exocrine function
- endocrine function
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what is the exocrine function?
secretion of digestive enzymes though acinar cells
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what is the endocrine function?
synthesis, storage, and release of 2 hormones: insulin and glucagon
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in the endocrine function of the pancreas, what contain the endocrine cells?
pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)
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which cells of the endocrine cells in the the pancreas produce insulin and glucogon?
- Alpha cells: produce glucagon (hyperglycemic hormone)
- Beta cells: produce insulin (hypoglycemic hormone)
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Describe the steps of how the pancreas deals with high blood glucose levels in the body. (5)
high blood glucose--> beta cells--> produce insulin (stimulates glycogen formation in liver)--> glycogen enters cells--> blood glucose lowered
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Describe the steps of how the pancreas deals with low blood glucose levels in the body.(5)
low blood glucose--> alpha cells--> produce glucagon (stimulates glycogen breakdown)--> liver releases glucose from glycogen--> blood glucose raised
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The main insulin action on cells involve?
promotion of glucose uptake into target cells by increasing number of Glucose transporter 4 (GLUT-4) proteins in target cell membranes
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what 3 further enzymatic activity include insulin action on cells?
- catalyze oxidation of glucose for energy production in muscle cells and storage in fat cells
- polymerize glucose to form glycogen (liver and muscle cells)
- convert glucose to fat (particularly in adipose tissue)
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Name the 2 functions of glucagon in the liver.
- gluconeogenesis
- glycogenolysis
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define gluconeogenesis.
synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and non-carbohydrates
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define glycogenolysis. (2)
- breakdown of glycogen to glucose
- release of glucose to the blood
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what are the 4 effects of insulin?
- lowers blood glucose level
- enhances membrane transport of glucose into fat and muscle cells
- inhibits gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
- induces glycogenogenesis (synthesis of glycogen from glucose)
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