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explain the difference between physical and chemical digestion
- Physical digestion:
- food is broken down into smaller pieces physically
- Chemical digestion:
- break down of large molecules into smaller subunits by acid or enzyme
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an example of where physical digestion occurs and how
- occurs in the mouth
- when food is chewed
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an example of where chemical digestion occurs and how
- occurs in the mouth
- amylase breaks down starch into glucose
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where does the chemical digestion of carbohydrates begin
in the mouth
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what enzyme starts the chemical digestion of starch (both names)
starch or ptyalin
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what is the function of the hard palate
- form speech sounds
- allow food to be chewed while breathing
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what is the function of the soft palate
closes off the nasal passage when swallowing
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what does pop go up your nose when you drink and laugh
- your airway is open when you laugh
- your airway closes when you swallow by uvula and epiglottis
- both don't have enough time to close
- air from lungs pushes pop up the nasal cavity
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what is the function of the epiglottis
prevents food and liquids from entering the larynx and lungs
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what happens when food goes "down the wrong tube"
- food went down the trachea
- epiglottis didn't close properly
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another word for chewing
mastication
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what is the moist, mushy ball produced at the end of chewing and is swallowed called
bolus
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what connects the pharynx to the stomach
esophagus
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what is a series of muscular contractions that helps the movement of substances called
peristalsis
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what is dentin used for
gives the tooth its shape
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what is pulp used for
contains blood vessels and nerves
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what is enamel used for
- covers dentin
- aids in chewing
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what is the pariodontal ligament/ cementum used for
anchors the tooth to the jaw
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what joins the uvula in the mouth
soft palate
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name all the structures food will go through starting from the mouth and ending with the anus (10)
- mouthÂ
- esophagus
- stomach
- liver
- pancreas
- small intestine
- large intestine
- rectum
- anus
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what are the names of the salivary glands (3)
- parotid gland
- sublingual gland
- submandibular gland
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what do the salivary glands produce
saliva
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does chemical digestion of proteins and fats occur in the mouth
no
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what does the physical digestion of of proteins in the mouth release
polypeptides
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what does physical digestion of fats in the mouth release
fat globules
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name the parts of the esophagus (5)
- lumen
- mucosa
- submucosa
- smooth muscle
- - circular muscle
- - longitudinal muscle
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why do birds need gravity to swallow
- birds don't have circular or longitudinal muscles
- can't use peristalsis
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what causes heartburn
- gastric juice moves up the esophagus
- burns the inside lining of the esophagus
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what happens when you vomit
food that is being digested in the stomach goes back up the esophagus by reverse peristalsis then exits the body through the mouth
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what are the parts of the stomach (6)
- cardiac sphincter
- cardia
- fundus
- body
- pylorus
- pyloric sphincter
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what are the folds in the lining of the stomach called
rugae
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what do rugae do
- increases stomach capacity
- stretches in order to eat large, infrequent meals
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what happens if someone did not have rugae, would digestion increase, and why (3)
- stomach wouldn't increase its capacity
- rate of digestion would decrease
- less food would come in contact with the stomach lining
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what two substances does the stomach secrete
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what are the components of gastric juice (5)
- hydrochloric acid
- pepsinogen
- pepsin
- renin
- lipase
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what enzyme is pepsinogen converted into and at what pH
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does chemical digestion of proteins occur in the stomach
yes
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what is the function of pepsin
breaks down proteins into smaller amino acid chains
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what is the thick, acidic liquid produced by the stomach
chyme
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how is an ulcer formed
an area of tissue layers become eroded
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parts of the small intestine (4)
- duodenum
- jejunum
- ileum
- ileocaecal valve
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what structures in the small intestine increase absorption of nutrients
- villi
- by brushed border epithelial cells
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what is the function of lacteal
absorbs chylomicrons
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what is the function of bile
- emulsifying agent
- breaks up fats and oil droplets into microscopic particles
- breaks down worn out RBC into bilirubin
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where is bile produced
liver
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what are the components of pancreatic juice
- sodium bicarbonate
- pancreatic amylase/amylopsin
- proteases
- lipase
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why does pancreatic juice have sodium bicarbonate in it
- neutralizes acid in chyme
- makes intestine alkaline for digestive enzymes
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why is amylopsin important in pancreatic juice
it hydrolyses the rest of starch
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what carbohydrates do enzymes in intestinal juice break down
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does intestinal juice or pancreatic juice contain the enzyme that break down fats
pancreatic juice
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lipase breaks down fats into which substances
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parts of the large intestine (9)
- caecum
- appendix
- ascending colon
- transverse colon
- descending colon
- sigmoid colon
- rectum
- anal sphincter
- anus
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what are the two major functions of the large intestine
- eliminate waste (feces)
- re-absorption of water
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name the carbohydrate (1) and protein (3) that cannot be digested
- carbohydrate:
- - cellulose
- protein:
- - tendons
- - ligaments
- - fascia
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what do undigested carbohydrates and proteins eventually form
feces
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the bacteria in the large intestine synthesize vitamin b12, thiamin, riboflavin, and vitamin ___
vitamin k
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a person consumed large amounts of antibiotics and could be easily bruised, what is this condition
vitamin k defiency
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explain the negative feedback mechanism used to control digestion
- increased acid slows down the release of gastrin
- digestion of proteins uses up acid
- release of gastrin is no longer inhibited
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what is the function of gastrin
stimulates the secretion of HCl
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what is the function of secretin
stimulates the release of pancreatic juice and the production of bile
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what is the function of cholecystokinin
stimulates the release of bile from the gall bladder
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what is the function of gastric inhibitory peptide
inhibits acid production and peristalsis in the stomach
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what causes diarrhea
not enough water re-absorption
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what causes constipation
too much water re-absorbed
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what causes appendicitis (3)
- a bacteria infection
- food is trapped in the appendix and grow
- appendix may burst and cause infection
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what causes hemorrhoids
swlling of veins around anus
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- 1. salivary glands
- 2. parotid gland
- 3. submandibular gland
- 4. sublingual gland
- 5. oral cavity
- 6. uvula
- 7. tongue
- 8. esophagus
- 9. pancreas
- 10. pancreatic duct
- 11. stomach
- 12. liver
- 13. gall bladder
- 14. duodenum
- 15. common bile duct
- 16. colon
- 17. transverse colon
- 18. ascending colon
- 19. descending colon
- 20. jejunum and ileum
- 21. cecum
- 22. appendix
- 23. rectum
- 24. anus
- 25. epiglottis
- 26. pharynx
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- 1. cardiac sphincter
- 2. cardia
- 3. fundus
- 4. body
- 5. pylorus
- 6. pyloric sphincter
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how many cuspids are there
4
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how many premolars are there
8
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how many molars are there
12
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what is the function of incisors
biting
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what is the function of cuspids
tearing
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what is the function of premolars
grinding
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what is the function of molars
grinding
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what is the function of the liver
produces bile
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what is the function of the gall bladder
- to store bile for the liver
- deliver it to the small intestine
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what is the function of the common bile duct
allows bile to move from the gall bladder to the small intestine
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what is the function of the small intestine
absorbs sugars, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and fatty acids
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what is the function of the pacreatic duct
- joins the pancreas to the small intestine
- supplies pancreatic juice which aids in digestion
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what is the function of the pancreas
makes pancreatic juice
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what is the function of the stomach
- chemically and physically digest food
- temporary storage of food
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what is the pathway from the liver to the gall small intestine (6)
liver > common hepatic duct > gall bladder > common cystic duct > common bile duct > duodenum
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how long is the duodenum
25cm
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how long is the jejunum
2m
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how long is the ileum
3.7m
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