chapter 3 phonetic transcription and diacriticsq

• ipa is the notation system used to document speech and sound productions
• transcription of porduction of what student or client says
• allows assessor to determine what and where the errors are and will assist in developing a treatment plan

• broad transcription/phonemic transcription: general trans where each symbol represents a phoneme 
•      -symbols are simply recorded with / /
•      -the sound of what the client is saying
• narrow transcription/ phonetic transcription: sound units are recorded with as much accuracy or production detail as possible and transcribed using []
•      -production

• marks added to sound transcription symbols to give them a particular phonetic value
• symbols developed specifically to note deviant speech
• assist us when reviewing trans in grouping errors and being able to explain them

• a descriptive system
• should be used for the basis of assessment of actual articulatory/phonological impairments

• more posterior tongue placement in the direction of the velum also called the dark /l/
• also when n occurs before k or g we get long, pink

• air escapes over the sides of the tongue instead of anteriorally
• lateral lisp of /s or z/
• /zip=ʤip/

additonal trans marks added to sound symbols

• is noted as [_] tip of the tongue against insided of upper incisors instead of alveolar ridge
•      -[d] occurs often due to coarticualtion (width)
•      -[n] in ninth
•      -voiceless th as in thantaclauth

• is marked with superscript j at hte right of the ipa symbol
• it occurs whenthe articulators move int he direction of the palate to a more anterior placement (superscript j at the right of the ipa symbol
• only used in sounds in which their articulation does not involve the palate, for ex dental or alveolar sounds

• partial devoicing: of voiced consonants-changes from voiced to voiceless so from /z/ to /s/ in other words su for zoo
•      -symbol is a small circle in parnethesis under the sound symbol (o)
• partial voicing: when voiceless consonants become partially voiced /∫us/ for shoes.

• indicated by elevated h (superscript) [p^hit] for Pete
• normal aspriation remains unmarked in the sample
• [=] is used in the aspirated stop-plosive is not aspirated [P=a^j] for pie
• the sudden release of the articulatory effort in fortis stop plosives

• more articulatory effort/energy
• fortis stop plosives are aspirated while voiced

• less articulatory effort/energy
• lenis stop plosives are unaspirated

• an unreleased stop or unreleased plosive is a plosive consonant without an audible release burst (modification of the sounds) catnip [ˈkæt̚nɪp]
• the oral tract is blocked to pronounce the consonant, and there is no audible indication of when that occlusion ends
• a right angle above the consonant letter
• [p̚ ], [t̚ ], [k̚ ]

• sonorant consonants or semivowels which represent nuclei of syllables 
•      -(button bʌˌtnˌ) 
• unstressed syllables can become reduced syllables or they practically disappear (finshing becomes fishin

• a normally unrounded consonant is produced with lip rounding (labialized)
• [Sʷ up] for soup is labialized where the nonlip rounded /s/ is labialized or produced with rounded lips

• loss of r-coloring for the consonant /r/ and central vowels
• a distortion (or inability to pronounce) the sound of letter r, causing the r to be omitted as a consonant or changing }/ɝ/ or /ɚ/ to /ɜ/,/ə/
•      -}[wɛd] for [rɛd]; [lӕdə] for [lӕdɚ].

• rounding: occurs when vowels which are typically not rounded are produced with more lip rounding than is usual
•      -backwards c means less rounding than normal /ɔ̹/
• unrounded: is the opposite where vowels are produced with no rounding
•      -trans with a c type notation open to hte right means less rounding than considered normal /c/

• where the tongue is somewhat raised, the t shaped arrow would point upward /˔/
•       -an /æ/ would be changed to /∊/ while still being identified as /æ/

• refers to a vowel which is produced with the tongue elevation somewhat lowered, int he direction of the next lowered vowel on the chart
•      -a lowered /I/ would be trans as /I/ with a t shaped arrow pointing down /˕/

• when the specific vowel production is somewhat frontalized, positioned more anterior in the mouth than normal
•      -trans with a small /+/ under the vowel sign in question

when the vowel production is somewhat further back in the mouth, the tongue is more posteriorly placed and a /-/ would be placed under the vowel symbol

• when nasals follow a vowel, the vowel often becomes nasal (man, can't, or then)
•       -for excessive nasaltiy˜ is placed above the sound
•       -for denasality ~ with a slash through it

• primary stress=the loudest syllable (supermarket)
• secondary stress=the next loudest (signify)

• lengthening (single dot or colon- clearly longer
• ◦Shortening (small ˘ over sound symbol)