brain/behavior exam 2

When does the human central nervous system begin to form when in the embryo

What does the fluid filled cavity become?

what does the neural tube form into?

brain weight birth, 1, adult

Production of new cells; cells along the ventricles of the brain divide to become neurons and glia

Movement of primitvie neurons and gila toward their final destination in the brain

Neurons developing an axon and dendrites; the axon grows before the dendrites while the neuron is migration toward its destination

Glia cells produce myelin forms first in the spinal cord before forming in the brain. Myelination begins during the prenatal period and continues into adulthood.

The final stage of neural development and refers to the formation of the synapses between neurons.

Who discovered that muscles produce and release nerve growth factor which promotes survival and growth of axons. Axon and cell bodies die without it. The muscles that synapse with the axons does not determine how many but which synapse survive.

When an axon and cell body dies without NGF its called

A chemical that promotes the survival and acitvity of neurons like ngf and brain-derived neurotropic factor (bdnf)

In what 3 ways does neurotrophins work?

What cells can replace ones that have died

Who severed optic nerve axons tectum: depends on chemical gradient in the target cells

During development, synapses form randomly before a selection process keeps some and rejects others in addition to chemical guidance and trophic factors

Because of the unpredictability of life, we have evolved the ability to ...

Environmental enrichment leads to...

Can adult certebrate brain develop new neurons. Learning new things in for year strengthens dendritic spines.

Musicians have a larger what and thicker what

A  condition where the reorganizaiton of the brain goes to far. Clumsy, fatigue, involuntary movements.

Development of brain area depends on:

What causes slight decrease in IQ scores, and greater decrease in language skills

What drug causes heart problems when exposed to a forming baby

What causes low birth weight, sudden infant death deficits, ADHD, impaired immune system, delinquency?

How does does a stroke destroy neurons ?

Five most common stroke symptoms:

Tissue plasminogen activator activates the factor in the blood which ultimately break up a blood clot. To be effective, thrombolytic therapy should be administered as quickly as possible.

Glutamate antagonists, calcium antagonists, opiate antogonists and antioxidants. (cool the brain)

what has been known to potentially minimize cell loss after a brain stroke, most likely due to anti-inflammatory effects.

Removing the sensory nerves, forces to use the deafferented limb

Decreased activity of surving neurons after other neurons are destroyed. Behavioral deficits due to this can sometimes be improved with the use of use of stimulant drugs.

A newly formed branch from an uninjured axon that attaches to a synapse

Heightened sensitivity to a neurotransmitter after the destruction of incoming axons.

Heightened sensitivity as a result of inactivity by an incoming axon

What destroys DA neurons

Recovery from brain damage early in life more extensive than after similar damage later in life

supervised practice of the impaired bahaviors. Help the brain-damaged person find their lost skills or learn to use remaining abilities more effectively.

Prevent the calcium form entering the cells

promate restoration of damaged neural tissue

Replacing dead brain cells with healthy ones from a donor. Mostly used in parkinson's

An opening in the center of the iris in which light enters the eye. It is focused by the lens

Rear surface of the eye, which is lined with visual receptors

Light that enters the eye strinkes which half

Neurons located close to the center of the eye. The retina, receptors sends their messages to these cells

bipolar cells send their messages here. The neurons located even closer to the center of the eye. Join together and loop around and travel back to the brain

the ganglion cells join together to form the

the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye

central portion of the macula specialized from acute detailed vision. It has the least impeded vision as blood vessles and ganglion cells are almost absent.

the ganglion cells in humans and other primates. These cells are small and each receives an input from a single cone

midget ganglion cells

Neurons with fixed excitatory and inhibitory zones in their reciptive fields; these cells are found only in the primary visual cortex (V1). Have bar shaped or edge shaped receptive fields.

Located in either v1 or v2 these neurons have receptive fields that respond to particular orientations of light but cannot be mapped into fixed excitatory and inhibitory zones. Receive their input from a combination of simple cells.

resemble complex cells but also have a strong inhibitory area at one end of their bar shaped receptive field

cells in the visual cortex are grouped together in columns perpendicular to the surface according to their responsiveness to specific stimuli. Cells may respond only to visual input from the left or right eye.

Neurons whose responses indicated the presence of a particular feature. The fact that prolonged exposure to a given visual feature decreases sensitivity to that feature supports this concept