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Function of cellular respiration
To make ATP from glucose
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Chemical equation for cellular respiration
- C6H12O6 +6O2---> 6C2O + 6H2O
- ( the reverse of photosynthesis)
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What areas of the cell are involved in C.R.?
Mitochondria
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Describe the structure of the mitochondrion
dual-membrane structure
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Define aerobic
with oxygen
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Define anaerobic
without oxygen
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Four major steps of C.R.
1.Glycolysis—takes place in cytoplasm of cell
2.Transition step—in matrix of mitochondria
3.Kreb’s cycle—in matrix of mitochondria
- 4.Electron Transport System (ETS)—on inner membrane of
- mitochondria, i.e. cristae
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Describe glycolysis
Set of reactions in which glucose or another sugar is broken down to two pyruvates for a net yield of two ATP. (adds two ATP to glucose to yield two pyruvates, 4 ATP and 2 NADH (net yield of 2 ATP)
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What products are produced by glycolysis?
2 ATP, 2 NADH and 2 Pyruvates
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Where does glycolysis (I) take place?
Cytoplasm
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Describe the Kreb's cycle
Cyclic pathway that, along with acetyl–CoAformation, breaks down two pyruvate to carbon dioxidefor a net yield of two ATP and many reduced coenzymes.
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What products are produced by Krebs cycle?
Makes 2 ATP, 6 NADH and 2 FADH2 (Remaining 4 carbons lost as 4CO2
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Where does Kreb's cycle (III) take place?
matrix of mitochondria
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What is the transition or Prep (II) step?
converts the two molecules of the 3-carbon pyruvate from glycolysis into two molecules of the 2-carbon molecule acetyl Coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA).
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What are the products of the prep step?
2 NADH, 2 acetyl CoA, and 2 CO2
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What is chemiosmosis?
the movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient. More specifically, it relates to the generation of ATP by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane during cellular respiration.
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What is the electron transport (IV) system?
Uses a process known as chemiosmosis to make ATP
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What does ETS need?
Requires 6O2’s, 10 NADH’s and 2 FADH2’s
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What are the products of ETS?
34 ATP and 6H2O
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How many ATP are made for each glucose molecule entering glycolysis?
36-38
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How many times must the Kreb's cycle turn for each glucose and why?
Twice, because each molecule of glucose is turned into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, and the cycle works the molecules one at at time.
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Which is more efficient, aerobic or anaerobic respiration and why?
Aerobic. Because aerobic respiration produces 36-38 ATP per glucose molecule and the absence of oxygen makes the anaerobic process lucky to get 2 ATP out of the whole cycle. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION STOPS AT GLYCOLYSIS
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Side effects of anaerobic respiration
- Muscle fatigue
- muscle soreness
- muscle burn
- all due to lactic acid
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Where do triglycerides, proteins, and carbohydrates enter cellular respiration?
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Define catabolism.
The metabolic process the tears down things.
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Define anabolism
The metabolic process that builds up things.
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