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•The disease process begins when pathogens take over the body.
- •The 2 most common types of pathogens are viruses and bacteria.
- •Bacteria are everywhere and do not depend on other organisms to live.
- •Viruses are dependent on other organisms to live and reproduce.
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• Toxic Shock Syndrome and other staphylococcus infections
- • Lyme disease and other Tickborne infections
- • Ulcers
- • Tetanus
- • Pertussis
- • Meningitis
- • Tuberculosis
- • Pneumonia
- • Strep Throat and other streptococcal infections
- • Urinary Tract Infections
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• Chicken Pox, Cold sores, and herpesvirus infections
- • Viral Encephalitis
- • Viral Hepatitis
- • Poliomyelitis
- • Rabies
- • Warts
- • Common Cold
- • Measles
- • Mumps
- • Influenza
- • Measles, Mumps, Rubella
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•Basic tools of the immune system are white blood cells.
- •Signs of infection: fatigue, fever, headache, nausea, vomiting
- •How disease spread:
- – A pathogen is present.
- – There is enough of the pathogen to cause disease.
- – A person is susceptible to the pathogen.
- – The pathogen passes through the correct entry site.
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• Killing pathogen or destroying reservoir
- • Interrupting transmission
- • New host
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Factors Contributing to Emerging Infections
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•Travel and Commerce
- •Mass Food Production an Distribution
- •Human Behavior
- •Drug Resistance
- •Poverty
- •Breakdown of Public Health Measures
- •Environmental Changes
- •TodayInfectious disease is 3rd leading cause of death in U.S.
- •Globalization: reality of humans reaching other continents and disparate communities of millions within hours
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•Will: legal document that determines how an individual wants his or her assets distributed
- •Living will: state-defined document that specifies what, if any, extraordinary measures a person would want to be taken to prolong his or her life
- •Medical power of attorney: involves a patient giving power to another individual to make medical decisions when they are unable to do so for themselves
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–All adults receive written info about their right to refuse treatment and to execute advance directives
- –Inform patient about facility’s policy regarding advanced directives
- – Make advanced directive part of medical record
- –Take no discriminatory action because of a patient’s beliefs
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When pursuing an advanced directive:
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– Contact lawyer
- – Sign before 2 witnesses
- – Copy to family, doctor, lawyer
- – Re-examine and update document every 2 years
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Organs and Tissues Suitable for Donation
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• Heart
- • Kidney
- • Lung
- • Cornea
- • Skin grafts
- • Ligaments
- • Bones
- • Bone marrow
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Factors for Ranking Recipients
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• Tissue match
- • Blood type
- • Urgency of need
- • Length of time on waiting list
- • Immune status
- • Distance from available organ
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Financial Incentives-Need is so great that sometimes financial incentives are given to families of donors in the following ways:
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– Burial expenses
- – Rebate or deferment of taxes
- – Grant for surviving spouse/children
- – Gov’t sponsored paid insurance policy for designated beneficiary
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When individual’s intent is not known, the next of kin makes decision
Order of priority: If individual in a prior category refuses consent, no organs or tissues will be taken
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• Spouse
- • Adult child
- • Parent
- • Adult sibling
- • Legal guardian
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Other ways to express your intent for organ donation:
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• Organ donor card can be carried in wallet
- • Driver’s license
- • Identification bracelets
- • All persons can indicate their intent to be a
- • donor. Persons under 18 need parental
- • permission.
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Even when patient is selected from waiting list:
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Many times they still aren’t matched because of:
- – Availability
- – Healthy enough to undergo operation
- – Willingness to be transplanted immediately
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•Intended for people who have 6 months or less to live
- •Provided mostly in the home
- •Provides symptom-relieving care to patients and families (physical, psychological, social, & spiritual)
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Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide
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• Active euthanasia: a compassionate decision is made to terminate a person’s life by applying a lethal treatment (illegal in U.S.)
- • Passive euthanasia: the intentional withholding of treatment that would prolong life
- •Nonvoluntary euthanasia: If the patient cannot give consent or does not have an advanced directive
- • Involuntary: action taken against the patient’s will (illegal)
- • 1994: Oregon passed a law that physicians can prescribe lethal drugs for competent patients who request them
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• Funeral
- • Burial
- • Notifying friends and relatives
- • Death certificates
- • Obituary and funeral notices
- • Transportation
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Options for Body Disposal
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• Burial
- – Grave or mausoleum
- • Cremation
- • Donation
- – To medical school, must be arranged before death occurs
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• Funeral officials are required to make an itemized list of goods, services, and prices
- • Must disclose state law embalming requirements
- • Must state that a casket is not required for direct cremation
- • Must make an unfinished wood box or alternative container available for cremation
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• The disease process begins when pathogens take over the body.
- • The 2 most common types of pathogens are viruses and bacteria.
- • Bacteria are everywhere and do not depend on other organisms to live.
- • Viruses are dependent on other organisms to live and reproduce.
-
-
• Toxic Shock Syndrome and other staphylococcus infections
- • Lyme disease and other Tickborne infections
- • Ulcers
- • Tetanus
- • Pertussis
- • Meningitis
- • Tuberculosis
- • Pneumonia
- • Strep Throat and other streptococcal infections
- • Urinary Tract Infections
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• Chicken Pox, Cold sores, and herpesvirus infections
- • Viral Encephalitis
- • Viral Hepatitis
- • Poliomyelitis
- • Rabies
- • Warts
- • Common Cold
- • Measles
- • Mumps
- • Influenza
- • Measles, Mumps, Rubella
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1. HIV
- 2. Herpes
- 3. HPV/Genital Warts
- 4. Hepatitis B
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1. Syphilis
- 2. Gonorrhea
- 3. Chlamydia
- 4. PID
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• At least 40 million Americans infected
- • Estimated as high as 1 in 4 in the U.S. has herpes
- • Herpes Types: HSV1 and HSV2Type I
- • typically found orally
- • 50 to 80 % of Americans have Type I
- • Accounts for 1/3 of all new genital cases
- • Type II
- • typically found in genital area, rarely found in oral region
- • Causes 2/3 of all new genital infections
- • Can be present for many years with no symptoms or no recognition of symptoms
- • Roughly 2/3 of infections are spread by people who don’t know they have it.
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Herpes Risk factors for reoccurrence
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• Stress
- • Menstrual cycle
- • Decreased immune system
- – Medications
- – Disease or Acute illness
- • Sexual activity
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• Transmission is the result of direct contact with infectious lesions, usually during sexual activity.
• Remains a public health concern and early detection is VERY important. (High numbers locally right now!)
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• Transmission
- – Skin to skin contact during sexual intercourse
- – Mother to baby during vaginal delivery
- – Skin to mucous membrane (oral sex)
- – Transmission occurs even when warts not present or visible on the skin
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• Chlamydia is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted disease
- • Steady rise in cases for past several years
- • ChlamydiaIncubation: 2-6 weeks
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HPV and Genital Warts
- –incubation
- Average time from exposure to lesion expression is approx. 3 months
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Ghonorea
- • A bacterial sexually transmitted disease
- • Slight decline in NHC in recent years
- • NC substantially higher than national average in 2003
- – National rate 116 cases per 100,000
- – NC rate 181 cases per 100,000
- • Incubation period
- – 2-7 days
- • Transmission
- – Sexual intercourse
- • Oral, Anal,Vaginal
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Documented transmission of HIV
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• Blood
- • Semen
- • Vaginal Fluid
- • Breast milk from mother to child
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