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What is morphology?
The study of morphemes, study of word formation.
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What are morphemes?
Smallest unit of meaning or grammatical function.
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Free Morphemes:
Those that can be used as words
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Bound Morphemes:
Can't be used as words. Have to be attached to another morpheme to carry meaning.
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Derivational Morpheme:
Those that make new words from existing words. Care -- To care careless = less is a derivational morpheme, changing the word.
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Inflectional morpheme
those that serve grammatical functions. Only suffixes. Don't change the meaning of the word.
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Allomorphemes;
Make new meanings of words: in and im --- such as impossible (could sound like inpossible)
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examples of compounding:
White + board = whiteboard Two words making one word.
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Backformation
New word by chopping things off. Editor came first, then came edit.
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Folk etymology:
Hamburger came from Hamberg. Making words by mistake.
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Define syntax:
Study of sentence structure
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noun:
Can take the "a" or "an"
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Preposition
Always used before a noun. in, on, etc.
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Determiners:
- To express definiteness, indefiniteness, and quantity: the, this, that, one, two
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Synonymy
Similarities in meaning
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Polysemy
having more than one meaning often due to semantic extension via metaphor: media, chair, drive
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Metonymy
parts stand for whole: White house
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Gradable Antonymy
Scale. can compare. Big vs small, good vs bad, short vs long. As in, it's possible to be in the middle.
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Complimentary antonymy
One or the other. no in between. single vs married, dead or alive.
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Relational Antonomy
buy vs sell, send vs receive, teacher vs student.
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Homonymy
sameness in phonetics
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Complete homonyms
share both pronunciation and spelling (Lie, bear, bank)
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Homophones
Same pronunciation different spelling: threw, through, two, too
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homographs
same spelling different pronunciation: Wind, wind, lead, lead.
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Semantic ambiguity
results from a word that has more than one meaning.
She can't stand kids. Stand can mean 2 things.
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structural ambiguity
results from a sentence or phrase that has more than one underlying structure.
Big boys and girls. Can mean big boys and girls (generally) or can mean big boys and big girls.
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A: the phone is ringing
B: I'm in the bathroom
Direct or indirect?
indirect
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A: the phone is ringing, go answer it.
direct or indirect?
direct.
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Define: speech act theory
When saying something, the speaker is doing something. A speech act is being performed.
For example: I promise to do better.
That declaration is a statement of doing. To make a promise is to do.
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Cooperative Principle
Conversation and communication is a cooperative endeavor.
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The four maxims:
Quanity, quality, relation, and manner
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Good Quantity:
Be informative, give the right amount of info.
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Good Quality:
be truthful, don't say what you think is false, don't say that of which you lack evidence.
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Relational
Statement must relate to conversation
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Manner
Be clear, avoid ambiguity
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Which maxim does this statement violate?
A: Where have you been?
B: Out
Quantity
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What is implicature
special meaning that comes from the violation of a maxim.
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What is the implicataure in this statement:
A: Wanna go out sometime?
B: I have homework.
B doesn't want to go out.
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What maxim is this breaking?
A: Let's get the kids something.
B: sure, but I veto i-c-e-c-r-e-a-m
Manner, because it's not clear
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What maxim is this breaking?
A: What happened to the steak?
B: The dog looks pretty happy.
Relation, because the answer wasn't related to the question.
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What maxim is this breaking?
A: The dog chewed up the papers.
B: He's such a good dog.
Quality, because the speaker isn't being truthful.
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