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What are the three modes of cellular proliferation?
- Constant proliferation (eg skin)
- Non-proliferation (eg nerve cells)
- Proliferation on demand
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What are the stages of the cell cycle?
- Resting (G0)
- Postmitotic (G1)
- DNA synthesis (S)
- Premitotic (G2)
- Mitotic (M)
- **Generation time (Tg)
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What are the stages of blood cell development and differentiation
- Multipotential stem cell -> unipotential stem cell -> lymphoid -> b / t cells ---> mature b / t cells
- Multipotential stem cell -> unipotential stem cell -> myeloid -> granulocyte ---> mature granulocytes
- Multipotential stem cell -> unipotential stem cell -> myeloid -> monocyte / macrophage ---> mature monocyte / macrophage
- Multipotential stem cell -> unipotential stem cell -> myeloid -> erythroid ---> mature erythrocyte
- Multipotential stem cell -> unipotential stem cell -> myeloid -> megakaryocyte ---> platelet
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Describe the structural and morphological changes that occur during cellular maturation
- Cell size (reduced w/ maturation)
- N:C ratio (reduced w/ maturation)
- Nucleus (present then absent)
- Nucleolus (present then absent)
- Chromatin pattern (fine/lace then clumped)
- Cytoplasm (color)
- Granulation (present vs absent, color)
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What are the specific stages of erythropoeisis (name, alt names, % in body, nucleation, location
- Rubriblast (pronormoblast, proerythroblast): 0-1%, nucleated, bone marrow
- Prorubicyte (basophilic normoblast, basophilic erythroblast): 1-4%, nucleated, bone marrow
- Rubricyte (polychromatophilic normoblast, polychromatophilic erythroblast): 10-20%, nucleated, bone marrow
- metarubricyte (orthrochromatic normoblast, orthocrhromatic erythroblast): 5-10% nucleated, bone marrow
- Diffusely basic erythrocyte (polychromatophilic erythrocyte): 1-2%, chromatin/ribosomes, in blood
- *note - don't call reticulocyte w/o reticulocyte stain
- Erythrocyte: 98-99%, in blood
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Basic physical description of rubriblast
- Very large
- dark blue cytoplasm
- fine chromatin
- 5:1 N:C
- Nucleolis
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Basic physical description of Prorubricyte
- Large
- dark blue cytoplasm
- fine and coarse chromatin
- 3:1 N:C
- nucleolis
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Basic physical description of rubricyte
- medium
- bluish/pink cytoplasm
- clumped chromatin
- 2:1 N:C
- no nucleolis
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Basic physical description of metarubricyte
- med-small
- pink/clear cytoplasm
- clumped chromatin
- 1:1 N:C
- no nucleolis
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Basic physical description of diffusely basophilic erythrocyte
- small
- polychromatophilic/pink cytoplasm
- no nucleus
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What are the names of the stages of abnormal erythrocyte maturation?
- Promegaloblast
- Basophilic megaloblast
- Polychromatic megaloblast
- Orthrochromatic megaloblast
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Describe the various factors that affect the regulation of erythropoiesis
- Erythropoietin: increases stem cells for RBC development
- increases hgb synthesis
- Decreases maturation time
- Increases bone marrow release of "shift" RBC (reticulocytes)
- Other requirements: vitamin B12, folic acid, vitamin B6, trace minerals, iron, hormones
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