RAD-139 MIDTERM PT.2

• REM or Sv or Eqd
• dose equivalent or REM

for employees that regularly exposed

• indicate working habits and conditions
• measure quantity of radiation exposure over time
• records exposure to the are it is worn

w/o lead apron at collar level

the crystals need to be heated

5-10mrem

• pros: more accurate than film badge can be worn for 3 months crystals can be reused
• cons: can only read once, calibrated dosimeters must be used

provide an approx. dose equivalent to the thyroid and lens of the eye

.5mmpb/eq

advantages: cheap reliable can distinguish between types of radiation and energies

disadvantages: only lasts a month, and are extremely sensitive to extreme temperature and humidity

it is a badge that is from the monitoring company that comes with other film badges it serves as basis for radiation while in transit, to ensure that false readings are not recorded the control badge is reported to the health care facility

a report that lists the deep eye and shallow occupational exposure of each covered person on a monthly, quarterly, year to date  and lifetime equivalent basis

• tld uses lithium fluoride
• osl = aluminum dioxide
• film badges = film

osl tld's film badges

• lightweight durable easy to carry can be worn up to 1 year
• can measure readings as low as 1mrem
• cons:
• only records radiation near the part it is worn and exposure can read on day of occurrence not efficient if not worn every day

• pro: immediate readings, good for high exposure areas like when workers go back to nuclear fallout areas
• cons: extremely expensive, doesnt provide a permanent record and must be read daily

they monitor radiation and indicate the presence or absence of radiation

geiger mueller - primary radiation survey instrument for area monitoring in the nuc med field used to locate a last radioactive source or detect low level radioactive contamination

cutie pie an ionization chamber instrument that measures rate meter and cumulative exposure to radiation 1mR-several thousand and can detect exposure over a wide range of are within a few seconds

cutie pie geiger mueller instruments pocket dosimeters all measure radiation in air

devices that measure radiation exposure in film badges of workers that reads the density of the film in the badge

• multiplication process where one cell divides to form two or more cells.
• mitosis and meiosis

mitosis a parent cell divides to form two daughter cells identical to the parent cell

meiosis is a special type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell to half the number of chromosomes in the parent cell

• M (mitosis phase)
• G1 (pre-DNA synthesis phase)
• S(synthesis phase)
• G2 (post DNA synthesis phase)

• Mitosis
• late S phase

during metaphase of mitosis

prophase - first phase of cell division nucleus enlarges the dna complex coils tightly and chromatids become more visible

metaphase - fibers between mitotic spindle form between the centrioles

anaphase - duplicate centromeres migrate in opposite directions along the mitotic spindle and carry the chromatids to opposite sides of cell

telophase - chromatids undergo changes in appearance by uncoiling and becoming long, loosely spiraled threads

linear energy transfer is the average energy (ionizations) of deposited per unit length of track

relative biologic effectiveness describes the relative capabilities of radiation with differing LET's to produce a biologic reaction

oxygen enhancement ratio is numerical value of the ratio of radiation dose required to cause a particular biologic response of cells or organisms in an oxygen deprived environment to the radiation dose required to cause an identical response under normal oxygenated conditions

when xray photons can interact with and ionize water molecules contained within human body, thereby separating them into other molecular components

with high let multiple strand breaks are possible are possible reapir enzymes are not effective at undoing damage cell death will occur

direct interaction = biologic damage occurs as a result of ionization of atoms on essential molecules that may potentially cause these molecules to become inactive or functionality altered.

indirect interaction - refers to effects produced by free radicals that are created by the interaction radiation with water they are highly reactive and result in cell death

a hydroxyl radical (OH) can bond with another hydroxyl radical and form hydrogen peroxide (H202) a substance that is very posionous to the cell

single strand break - occurs commonly with low LET radiation enzymes are often capable of reversing this damage

double strand break occurs with high LET and are often associated with the loss or gain of one or more nitrogenous bases

base fx

is the loss or change in a nitrogenous base in the DNA chain

are chemical unions create between atoms by the single sharing of one or more pair of electrons

• restitution - breaks rejoin with no visible damage
• deletion - part of chromosome is lost at the next division
• broken end arrangement - misshape chromsome produced
• broken end rearrangement - geneticm aterial is rearranged damage not visible results in mutation

states that when cel lDNA is directly or indirectly inactivated by exposure to radiation that cell will die

• prophase
• metaphase
• anaphas
• telophase

serves no useful purpose in diagnostic imaging it is generally used in a laboratory setting to detect alpha and beta radiation

radiolysis

indirect actions