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Definition of group according to aronson
- Two or More people who interact with each other and are interdependent.
- *their needs and goals cause them to influence each other
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Definition of group according to baron & byrne
A collection of persons who are perceived to be bonded together in a coherent unit to some degree
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Basic features of groups) 3 roles of groups
-differentiation of function
-formal or informal assignment
-role conflict
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Basic features of groups) what does status refer to?
Groups often confer or withhold status as a way to control member behavior
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4 basic features of groups
-roles
-status
-norms
-cohesiveness
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Basic features of groups) norms (3)
- prescriptive norms
-proscriptive norms
-adherence to norms is basic requirement of membership
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What are prescriptive norms
?
Tells group members how to behave
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What are proscriptive norms
Tells group members how not to behave
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Basic features of groups) cohesiveness
Qualities of a group that bind members together and promote the liking between members
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effect of presence of others on our performance (3)
-enhances performance
-makes performance worse
-depends on arousal and task complexity
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Social facilitation) cockroach study (2)
-roaches ran simple maze faster when other roaches were present
-roaches ran complex mazes more slowly when other roaches were present
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What is social facilitation?
Tendency for people to do better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks in the presence of others
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3 sources of social facilitation
-alertness
-evaluation apprehension
-distraction-conflict
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Which sources of social facilitation does research support?
Evaluation apprehension and distraction conflict
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Social loafing
Reductions in performance when working collectively in a group compared to when working independently.
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Ability to monitor individual input into task predicts individual performance (2)
-if individual input can be monitored, social facilitation
-if individual input is not monitored, social loafing
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What is coaction?
Person a and b do their own work
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What is additive group task
Person a and person b combine their work into one
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What is process loss?
Any aspect of group interaction inhibits good problem solving
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Information findings) discussion advantage for shared information is reduced when: (3)
-task has a correct answer
-groups have a participative leader
-unshared information is particularly diagnostic
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groupthink
A kind of thinking in which maintaining group cohesiveness is more important than considering the facts in a realistic manner
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What is one main antecedent of group think?
High cohesiveness
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Antecedents of group think- group structure (5)
-very similar group members
-isolation
-directive leadership
-high stress
-unsystematic procedures
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Symptoms of group think (5)
-illusion of invulnerability
-perceived high moral ground
-self-censorship
- -increased pressures toward uniformity
- *group members censor discrepant views
-illusion of unanimity
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Consequences of group think (4)
-defective decision making
-incomplete survey of alternatives
-failure to account for risks
-failure to work out contingency plans
**Often leads to bad decisions
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3 ways to guard against group think
-consult widely with outsiders
-leaders explicitly encourage criticism
-establish norms of critical review of all decisions
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Group polarization
Tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members
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What creates polarization) persuasive arguments (3)
-sheer number of arguments heard in support of an opinion lead to more extreme opinion
-some arguments provide new information
-validates our own positions
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What creates polarization) social comparison (2)
Polarization sometimes occurs even if no arguments are presented and people are just exposed to others views
- -2 step process
- * people discover more support for their position than expected
- *sets up a new, more extreme group norm
- *If believing X was good then believing triple X is better
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What makes a good leader) great person theory
- Key personality traits make a person a good leader
- *intelligence, extroversion, socially skilled, family size, height
- *not extremely predictive of effective leadership
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What makes a good leader) contingency theory
Leader effectiveness depends on task vs. relationship orientation and the amount of control leader has over the group.
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What makes a good leader) contingency theory- what is task orientation leader
Concern more with task at hand than with workers' feelings and relationships
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What makes a good leader) contingency theory- What is relationship orientation leader?
Concern with worker feelings and relationships
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What makes a good leader) contingency theory- when do task oriented leaders perform better?
When control is low or high
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What makes a good leader) contingency theory- when do relationship oriented leaders are more effective?
When control is moderate
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Conflict and cooperation, individuals and groups) social dilemma
A conflict in which the most beneficial action for an individual will, if chose by most people, have harmful effects on everyone
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Conflict and cooperation, individuals and groups) what is social dilemma used to study?
- Cooperation and conflict
- **prisoner's dilemma game and Deutch & Krauss trucking game
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Conflict and cooperation: what if people's goals conflict? (3)
-in short term, people often choose to compete
-if partners adapt tit for tat strategy, cooperation can develop over time
-communication between parties can help IF members focus on developing trust rather than making threats
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Resolving conflict through negotiation) negotiation
- Form of communication between opposing sides in a conflict in which offers and counter offers are made
- *solution occurs only when both parties agree
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Resolving conflict through negotiation) when are negotiations most successful?
- When members make trade offs according to their different interests(integrative solution)
- *the trick is to identify integrative solution
- **easiest to find solution is when parties trust one another and have open communication
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