Exam 2

Produced by a living organism to inhibit the growth of another organism

reduce infections in the digestive and respiratory tract caused by bacteria

A mature animal in a clean environment under good management practices will not see a large improvement from non-ionophore antibiotics because they are already healthy.

An animal in a stressful situation (such as traveling) may benefit from the antibiotics

Antibiotic residue in food-residues are highly regulated, and there is little to no chance of there being any residue in livestock that consume these antibiotics. 

Antibiotic resistance- there is little evidence that points to antibiotic use in livestock production as the cause of the antibiotic resistance. It is most likely a cause of improper use of antibiotics by humans.

synthetic compounds that destroy gam positive bacteria in the rumen. 

• Reduction of gram positive bacteria results in: 
• *improved efficiency of nitrogen utilization
• * greater propionate production (increases efficiency) 
• *reduced methane production

synthetic organic or inorganic compound that inhibits the growth of pathogenic or parasitic organisms

used to prevent and treat coccidiosis

A dewormor

organisms produced from specific microbial cultures that flourish in the GIT and compete with harmful organisms

naturally produced in the gut

little evidence to justify economically

They are compounds that prevent rancidity

Usually mixed with high fat ingredients

used to prevent product deterioration

• ascorbic acid
• citric acid
• porpionic acid

• fed to feed lot heifers to suppress estrous
• similar to progesterone 
• prevents heifers from expressing estrous 
• prevents undesirable behavior

Orally active compounds that repartition nutrients towards lean muscle deposition and away from fat deposition

significantly increase red meat production

Only effective for a small period of time. Generally used for a short period at the end of the late finishing stage.

to ensure the safety of human foods

production animals are consumed by animals and indirectly we consume what they consume

• Food and Drug Adm. (FDA)
• US Department of Agriculture (USDA)
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
• Various state regulatory agencies

American Association of Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) - responsible for establishing standards for 'good manufacturing practices' and labeling of livestock feed and pet food

• 1. quantity 
• 2. production name and purpose
• 3. guaranteed nutrient analysis
• 4. Ingredient composition
• 5. Directions for use
• 6. precautionary statement
• 7. name and address of manufacturer

premixes manufactured medicated type B feed

premixes used to manufacture medicated type C-feed

intended to be fed without further mixing

The word 'medicated' must immediately follow the product name

purpose of medication - label claim

AAFCO - accepted name of each drug component

When applicable, withdrawl statements, cautionary statements, and warning statements

Low risk of tissue residues

no pre-harvest withdrawal period is required

preharvest withdrawal is required or there is a zero tolerance policy for residues.

• Improves:
• animal performance 
• mixing characteristics
• feed handling and storage

simplifies bunk, or feed management

• easily produces a wide range of particle sizes
• accommodates a wider variety of ingredients
• not as expensive as a roller mill
• easier to operate

• less energy efficient than roller mills
• generates a lot of heat, dust, and noise 
• less uniform particle size

• more energy efficient
• greater particle size uniformity
• generates less heat, dust, and noise

• poor performance with fibrous material
• more expensive

Smaller particles can increase nutrient digestion

Smaller particles are more maintenance intensive to handle and manufacture

a measure of how steeply a feed can be piled before it naturally collapses

• particle size
• fat content
• ground in hammer or roller (hammer more likely to cause bridging)

• Can handle variety of blends, including liquid
• capable of handling smaller batches then some mixers (as low as 10% capacity)
• easiest to clean
• least likely to have 'dead spots'
• minimal heating from friction

longer mixing time

• lower mixing time then paddle mixers
• clean up is relatively easy
• good for turning out a feed with few ingredients in large batches

• Must be filled to 70% capacity to work properly
• substantial heating from friction
• Ribbons must be constantly inspected for wear

• inexpensive
• good for mixing the same diet all the time
• portable

• less efficient then other horizontal mixers
• does not work well with liquid ingredients or coarse material
• clean out is difficutl

• inexpensive
• suitable for small operations

• less efficient then horizontal mixers
• do not work well with liquid or fibrous ingredients
• clean out is difficult

• used exclusively in ruminant diets
• handles forages and roughages
• horizontal sometimes have grinding capabilities

less efficient

Add a known amount of salt(NaCl) and measure the salt levels at different points all around the batch. There is generally an allowance of about 10% variation

Salt is its own ingredient and isn't found in any other feed ingredients so we can measure salt exclusively and compare for even mixing.

• Pay attention to sequence of ingredients
• Pay attention to sequence of diets
• Be aware that electrostatic charges can cause ingredients to adhere to the sided and equipment
• Flush mixer with ground corn

• 1. Half the grain
• 2. Protein source
• 3. premixes and medications
• 4. Half the grain

• disrupts protein granules surrounding starch granules 
• gelatinizes starch granules 
• increases ruminal starch fermentation, which in turn increases feed efficiency, growth and milk production

Steam the grain and then smoosh it between 2 rolls

• Used primarily for ruminant feed
• Increases energy value of grains
• Increases ruminal digestion of starch
• Increases ruminal protein availability

ground feed are forced through a die after undergoing steam and pressure

increases ADG and F:G in monogastrics

• Material forced through cylinder w/ auger
• Packed into prgresssively smaller space ^ heat and friction
• Heat, pressure, and shear alter ingredient structure
• Forced through small die at end of cylinder
• Expansion occurs due to sudden change in pressure.

Similar to extrusion, but pressure is controlled with plunger at the end of the expander barrel

produces higher quality pellets then unexpanded