Microbiology Chapter 16.txt

• Icosahedral with envelope
• dsDNA herpes virus
• Epstein-Barr virus

• Infectious mononucleosis
• Epstein-Barr, (chronic fatigue syndrome)
• Burkitt's lymphoma

• Enlarged lymph nodes, sore throat, fever
• It particularly affects B lymphocytes in the lymph nodes and spleen
• Many children are infected and show no symptoms
• Adolescents or young adults who are infected may develop EBV disease (a precursor of mononucleosis)

It is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

• It is spread by contact with saliva
• After recovery, the individual remains a carrier for several months
• They can shed the virus in their saliva

Damaged B cells with vacuolated and granulated cyptoplasm

• Test for mononucleosis
• Have Ab that Xreact
• Serum + sheep RBC's = agglutination

• heart defects
• facial paralysis
• rupture of the spleen
• jaundice (hepatitis)

• elevated lymphocyte levels
• presence of Downey cells (damaged B cells)
• Antibodies can be detected by the Monospot test
• No vaccine or drugs for treatment are available

• Burkitt lymphoma, a tumor of the jaw prevalent in Africa
• T cell malignancies, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma
• B cell lymphomas
• Hodgkin disease
• Multiple sclerosis

• Picornaviridae
• cuboidal
• ssRNA

• fecal-oral route
• shellfish

• Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, fever, pain, dark urine, jaundice
• Incubation period: 2-4 weeks
• Enlargement of the liver and jaundice may follow initial symptoms of hepatitis A

• Three vaccines are available for different age groups
• Havrix
• Vaqta
• Twinex

• Hepadnavirus with 2 shells, (Dane particle)
• DNA

• A nucleocapsid surrounded by a core antigen (HBcAg)
• An envelope containing a surface antigen (HBsAg)

Contact with body fluids

• Anorexia, fatigue, taste changes
• Jaundice occurs after primary symptoms
• Recovery occurs 3-4 months after the onset of jaundice, after which an immunity is developed
• Persistent infections, cirrhosis, or liver cancer occur rarely

• 4 weeks to 6 months
• Hepatitis B vaccine
• Several vaccines and drugs for treatment are available

• RNA virus (HCV)
• Hepatitis C virus (HCV) belongs to the Flaviviridae family

• Few symptoms are associated with primary infection
• Most cases develop a symptomless chronic infection, involving cirrhosis and other complications
• HCV damage is the primary reason for liver transplants in the U.S.
• Damage is accelerated by alcoholism and drug use

It is transmitted by blood

• Hepatitis D
• Hepatitis E
• Hepatitis G

• Opportunistic, emergent disease
• It is caused by a member of the Caliciviridae family
• Young adults and pregnant women are most susceptible

• Hepatitis B Virus and hepatitis D virus (HDV)
• HDV can only damage the liver when HBV is present

Blood or sexual contact

• 2 RNA strands
• With capsid
• Envelope
• Spikes
• Retrovirus, may lay dormant for years

1981

Luc Montagnier and Robert Gallo

• Humoral Immunity: B lymphocytes
• Cell mediated Immunity: T lymphocytes

Helper T cells

• By virus
• By own immune system

HIV-2 is a second type of HIV, which develops more slowly than HIV-1

• ELISA
• Western blot
• PCR

• Bodily fluids, esp. blood
• High risk sex, needles

• Stage I: acute
• Stage II: asymptomatic
• Stage III: persistant generalized lymphadenopathy
• Stage IV: symptomatic HIV infection

• Can include a flu-like illness within a month or two of exposure
• Seroconversion means the immune system is activated against the virus, and antibodies can be detected in the blood

• the individual usually remains free of major disease, even without treatment
• It can last 6-8 years, during which HIV levels in the blood slowly rise

• Occurs when the immune system loses the fight against HIV
• Symptoms worsen and opportunistic infectious develop

• symptomatic HIV infection
• A: fever
• B: neurologic disease
• C: secondary infections
• D: secondary cancers
• E: immunosuppression

• Toxoplasmosis
• Candidiasis
• Tuberculosis
• Cytomegalovirus
• Karposi's sarcoma
• Fever, Night sweats

• Azidothymidine, known as AZT
• Reverse transcriptase inhibitors that interfere with the viral genome replication
• Protease inhibitors that interfere with the processing step of capsid production
• Fusion inhibitors which block viral entry into CD4 cells
• Integrase that blocks provirus formation

• Azidothymidine
• AZT interferes with reverse transcriptase activity and acts as a chain terminator as it inhibits DNA synthesis.

• AKA Sin Nombre, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
• Shed from the saliva, urine and feces of the deer mouse
• Humans are infected by breathing the infectious aerosolized dried urine or feces

• Fatigue
• Fever
• Muscle aches
• Half of the patients experience dizziness, difficulty breathing and low blood pressure that can lead to respiratory failure as the lungs fill with fluid.

• The deadliest form of gastroenteritis in children
• Transmission occurs by ingesting contaminated food or water (fecal-oral route) or from contaminated surfaces
• Infest the small intestine where they infect the enterocytes, the cells lining the epithelium Diarrhea, vomiting and chills
• The disease lasts 3-8 days

• The most likely cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in adults.
• Transmitted through the fecal-oral route,
• Consumption of contaminated food or water
• Person-to-person contact
• Aerosols produced from a vomiting episode
• Contaminated surfaces may be a source of infection as the virus can survive a week or longer
• As few as 10 virions can cause illness
• 24-48 hour incubation period followed by
• Fever, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and extensive vomiting
• Lasts 24 hours and recovery is complete.

Transmitted by contaminated food or water or person to person contact. Symptoms include fever, mild rash, mild upper respiratory tract illness.

• Diarrhea
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Fever
• Cramping
• Headache
• Malaise

It has the highest mortality rate of any human disease

warm-blooded animals

It enters the body through a skin wound contaminated with a bodily fluid from an infected animal

• The incubation period varies from 6 days to 1 year
• It depends on the location of entry and the amount of virus entering the body

• Fever, headache, and increased muscle tension develop
• Patients become alert and aggressive, followed by paralysis and brain degeneration
• Death from respiratory paralysis occurs within days

• Post-exposure immunization can be done immediately after exposure
• Rabies symptoms in animals:
• Furious rabies involves violent symptoms like:
• wide eyes
• Drooling
• unprovoked attacks
• Animals with dumb rabies are docile and lethargic

Wild animals are vaccinated with inoculated dog food and fish meal

The gray matter of the spinal cord and brain

Contaminated food and water

• Tonsils
• Lymph Tissue
• Gastrointestinal Tract
• Sometimes the viruses pass through the bloodstream to the meninges
• This can result in paralysis of limbs and trunk

• The medulla, affecting nerves in the:
• neck
• face
• upper torso

All 3 types of poliovirus

In individuals who had the disease decades ago

• Type 1 causes a major number of epidemics and sometimes paralysis.
• Type 2 occurs sporadically by invariably causes paralysis.
• Type 3 usually remains in the intestinal tract.

An emerging disease in the Western hemisphere

• Birds, mosquitoes, humans, and some other mammals
• Humans generally contract it through mosquito bites
• West Nile Fever symptoms
• Many infected people remain asymptomatic, or are ill for a few days
• Rarely, the patient will develop encephalitis or meningitis
• This can result in permanent neurologic effects or death
• There is no vaccine or specific treatment for West Nile fever

Arthopod borne virus

A condition in which bile pigments seep into the circulator system causing the skin and whites of the eyes to have a dull yellow color

Dengue fever. A sudden high fever and prostration are followed by sharp pains in the muscles and joints. Patients often report intense joint and muscle pain.

The damaged B cells with vacuolated and granulated cytoplasm

Antibodies nonspecifically reacting with proteins or cells from unrelated animal species. The Monospot test uses guinea pig and horse cells.

Causes mononucleosis, Burkitt's lymphoma and has been associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, B cell lymphomas, Hodgkin disease, Multiple sclerosis

A tumor of the connective tissues of the jaw prevalent in Africa caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. Malaria may be a contributing factor.

Consists of antibodies concentrated from the serum of blood donors and can be used for people without known immunity to a virus such as Hepatitis B.

Hepatitis B surface antigen: A normal hepatitis virions envelope

Hepatitis B core antigen: an antigen of the DNA core of the hepatitis B virus. It surrounds the nucleocapsid.

Infections that occur when the immune system is weakened by fighting another disease.

One the deadliest forms of gastroenteritis in children. There is a vaccination introduced in 2006.

• The most likely cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in adults. Formerly called Norwalk-like virus.
• Spread by person to person contact or aerosols produced from vomiting.

Illnesses characterized by vascular system damage (rash, bleeding gums and mucous membranes, internal bleeding).

Fatigue, fever, muscle aches, headache, dizziness, breathing difficulty. Lungs will fill with fluid.

The largest member of herpesviridae, it can cause serious birth defects. It can cause a mononucleosis like infection in healthy individuals.

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Is Responsible for HIV Disease and AIDS

When 3 or more drugs are used together, the combination is referred to as highly active antiretroviral therapy.

The fear of water.

An inflammation of the brain.