-
Epstein-Barr virus description
- Icosahedral with envelope
- dsDNA herpes virus
- Epstein-Barr virus
-
Diseases caused by Epstein-Barr virus
- Infectious mononucleosis
- Epstein-Barr, (chronic fatigue syndrome)
- Burkitt's lymphoma
-
Infectious mononucleosis symptoms
- Enlarged lymph nodes, sore throat, fever
- It particularly affects B lymphocytes in the lymph nodes and spleen
- Many children are infected and show no symptoms
- Adolescents or young adults who are infected may develop EBV disease (a precursor of mononucleosis)
-
Infectious mononucleosis is caused by
It is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
-
Infectious mononucleosis is spread by
- It is spread by contact with saliva
- After recovery, the individual remains a carrier for several months
- They can shed the virus in their saliva
-
Downey cells
Damaged B cells with vacuolated and granulated cyptoplasm
-
Monospot test
- Test for mononucleosis
- Have Ab that Xreact
- Serum + sheep RBC's = agglutination
-
Infectious mononucleosis complications include
- heart defects
- facial paralysis
- rupture of the spleen
- jaundice (hepatitis)
-
Infectious mononucleosis diagnosis involves observation of
- elevated lymphocyte levels
- presence of Downey cells (damaged B cells)
- Antibodies can be detected by the Monospot test
- No vaccine or drugs for treatment are available
-
EBV is associated with
- Burkitt lymphoma, a tumor of the jaw prevalent in Africa
- T cell malignancies, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma
- B cell lymphomas
- Hodgkin disease
- Multiple sclerosis
-
Hepatitis A virus
- Picornaviridae
- cuboidal
- ssRNA
-
Hepatitis A transmission by
- fecal-oral route
- shellfish
-
Hepatitis A symptoms
- Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, fever, pain, dark urine, jaundice
- Incubation period: 2-4 weeks
- Enlargement of the liver and jaundice may follow initial symptoms of hepatitis A
-
Hepatitis A vaccine
- Three vaccines are available for different age groups
- Havrix
- Vaqta
- Twinex
-
Hepatitis B virus
- Hepadnavirus with 2 shells, (Dane particle)
- DNA
-
Hepatitis B Virions consist of:
- A nucleocapsid surrounded by a core antigen (HBcAg)
- An envelope containing a surface antigen (HBsAg)
-
Hepatitis B transmission methods
Contact with body fluids
-
Hepatitis B symptoms
- Anorexia, fatigue, taste changes
- Jaundice occurs after primary symptoms
- Recovery occurs 3-4 months after the onset of jaundice, after which an immunity is developed
- Persistent infections, cirrhosis, or liver cancer occur rarely
-
Hepatitis B Incubation
- 4 weeks to 6 months
- Hepatitis B vaccine
- Several vaccines and drugs for treatment are available
-
Hepatitis C virus
- RNA virus (HCV)
- Hepatitis C virus (HCV) belongs to the Flaviviridae family
-
Hepatitis C symptoms
- Few symptoms are associated with primary infection
- Most cases develop a symptomless chronic infection, involving cirrhosis and other complications
- HCV damage is the primary reason for liver transplants in the U.S.
- Damage is accelerated by alcoholism and drug use
-
Hepatitis C transmission
It is transmitted by blood
-
Other viruses also cause hepatitis
- Hepatitis D
- Hepatitis E
- Hepatitis G
-
Hepatitis E is an
- Opportunistic, emergent disease
- It is caused by a member of the Caliciviridae family
- Young adults and pregnant women are most susceptible
-
Hepatitis D is caused by
- Hepatitis B Virus and hepatitis D virus (HDV)
- HDV can only damage the liver when HBV is present
-
Hepatitis G is another chronic liver disease transmitted by
Blood or sexual contact
-
HIV-AIDS virus
- 2 RNA strands
- With capsid
- Envelope
- Spikes
- Retrovirus, may lay dormant for years
-
HIV-AIDS Syndrome was 1st identified in
1981
-
Who first isolated and cultured HIV and linked it to AIDS
Luc Montagnier and Robert Gallo
-
Normal immunologic response
- Humoral Immunity: B lymphocytes
- Cell mediated Immunity: T lymphocytes
-
HIV infects
Helper T cells
-
In HIV infection, the destruction of T cell is caused by
- By virus
- By own immune system
-
HIV 2
HIV-2 is a second type of HIV, which develops more slowly than HIV-1
-
-
HIV-AIDS Transmission:
- Bodily fluids, esp. blood
- High risk sex, needles
-
HIV-AIDS stages
- Stage I: acute
- Stage II: asymptomatic
- Stage III: persistant generalized lymphadenopathy
- Stage IV: symptomatic HIV infection
-
HIV-AIDS Stage I
- Can include a flu-like illness within a month or two of exposure
- Seroconversion means the immune system is activated against the virus, and antibodies can be detected in the blood
-
HIV-AIDS stage II
- the individual usually remains free of major disease, even without treatment
- It can last 6-8 years, during which HIV levels in the blood slowly rise
-
HIV-AIDS Stage III
- Occurs when the immune system loses the fight against HIV
- Symptoms worsen and opportunistic infectious develop
-
HIV-AIDS Stage IV
- symptomatic HIV infection
- A: fever
- B: neurologic disease
- C: secondary infections
- D: secondary cancers
- E: immunosuppression
-
HIV-AIDS Opportunistic infections
- Toxoplasmosis
- Candidiasis
- Tuberculosis
- Cytomegalovirus
- Karposi's sarcoma
- Fever, Night sweats
-
HIV Treatment
- Azidothymidine, known as AZT
- Reverse transcriptase inhibitors that interfere with the viral genome replication
- Protease inhibitors that interfere with the processing step of capsid production
- Fusion inhibitors which block viral entry into CD4 cells
- Integrase that blocks provirus formation
-
AZT
- Azidothymidine
- AZT interferes with reverse transcriptase activity and acts as a chain terminator as it inhibits DNA synthesis.
-
Hantavirus
- AKA Sin Nombre, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
- Shed from the saliva, urine and feces of the deer mouse
- Humans are infected by breathing the infectious aerosolized dried urine or feces
-
Early hantavirus symptoms include
- Fatigue
- Fever
- Muscle aches
- Half of the patients experience dizziness, difficulty breathing and low blood pressure that can lead to respiratory failure as the lungs fill with fluid.
-
Rotavirus
- The deadliest form of gastroenteritis in children
- Transmission occurs by ingesting contaminated food or water (fecal-oral route) or from contaminated surfaces
- Infest the small intestine where they infect the enterocytes, the cells lining the epithelium Diarrhea, vomiting and chills
- The disease lasts 3-8 days
-
Norovirus
- The most likely cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in adults.
- Transmitted through the fecal-oral route,
- Consumption of contaminated food or water
- Person-to-person contact
- Aerosols produced from a vomiting episode
- Contaminated surfaces may be a source of infection as the virus can survive a week or longer
- As few as 10 virions can cause illness
- 24-48 hour incubation period followed by
- Fever, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and extensive vomiting
- Lasts 24 hours and recovery is complete.
-
Enterovirus
Transmitted by contaminated food or water or person to person contact. Symptoms include fever, mild rash, mild upper respiratory tract illness.
-
Viral Gastroenteritis symptoms
- Diarrhea
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Fever
- Cramping
- Headache
- Malaise
-
Rabies mortality
It has the highest mortality rate of any human disease
-
Animal rabies occurs in
warm-blooded animals
-
Rabies transmission
It enters the body through a skin wound contaminated with a bodily fluid from an infected animal
-
Rabies incubation
- The incubation period varies from 6 days to 1 year
- It depends on the location of entry and the amount of virus entering the body
-
Rabies symptoms
- Fever, headache, and increased muscle tension develop
- Patients become alert and aggressive, followed by paralysis and brain degeneration
- Death from respiratory paralysis occurs within days
-
Rabies vaccination
- Post-exposure immunization can be done immediately after exposure
- Rabies symptoms in animals:
- Furious rabies involves violent symptoms like:
- wide eyes
- Drooling
- unprovoked attacks
- Animals with dumb rabies are docile and lethargic
-
Animal vaccines
Wild animals are vaccinated with inoculated dog food and fish meal
-
Polio (poliomyelitis) infects
The gray matter of the spinal cord and brain
-
Polioviruses enter the body through
Contaminated food and water
-
Polioviruses multiply in
- Tonsils
- Lymph Tissue
- Gastrointestinal Tract
- Sometimes the viruses pass through the bloodstream to the meninges
- This can result in paralysis of limbs and trunk
-
In bulbar polio, the viruses infects
- The medulla, affecting nerves in the:
- neck
- face
- upper torso
-
Trivalent vaccines contain
All 3 types of poliovirus
-
Postpolio syndrome occurs
In individuals who had the disease decades ago
-
There are 3 types of polioviruses identified
- Type 1 causes a major number of epidemics and sometimes paralysis.
- Type 2 occurs sporadically by invariably causes paralysis.
- Type 3 usually remains in the intestinal tract.
-
West Nile fever
An emerging disease in the Western hemisphere
-
West Nile Fever can infect
- Birds, mosquitoes, humans, and some other mammals
- Humans generally contract it through mosquito bites
- West Nile Fever symptoms
- Many infected people remain asymptomatic, or are ill for a few days
- Rarely, the patient will develop encephalitis or meningitis
- This can result in permanent neurologic effects or death
- There is no vaccine or specific treatment for West Nile fever
-
Arbovirus
Arthopod borne virus
-
Jaundice
A condition in which bile pigments seep into the circulator system causing the skin and whites of the eyes to have a dull yellow color
-
Breakbone fever
Dengue fever. A sudden high fever and prostration are followed by sharp pains in the muscles and joints. Patients often report intense joint and muscle pain.
-
Downey cells
The damaged B cells with vacuolated and granulated cytoplasm
-
Heterophile antibodies
Antibodies nonspecifically reacting with proteins or cells from unrelated animal species. The Monospot test uses guinea pig and horse cells.
-
Epstein-Barr virus
Causes mononucleosis, Burkitt's lymphoma and has been associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, B cell lymphomas, Hodgkin disease, Multiple sclerosis
-
Burkitt's Lymphoma
A tumor of the connective tissues of the jaw prevalent in Africa caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. Malaria may be a contributing factor.
-
Immune globulin
Consists of antibodies concentrated from the serum of blood donors and can be used for people without known immunity to a virus such as Hepatitis B.
-
HBsAg
Hepatitis B surface antigen: A normal hepatitis virions envelope
-
HBcAg
Hepatitis B core antigen: an antigen of the DNA core of the hepatitis B virus. It surrounds the nucleocapsid.
-
Opportunistic infection
Infections that occur when the immune system is weakened by fighting another disease.
-
Rotavirus
One the deadliest forms of gastroenteritis in children. There is a vaccination introduced in 2006.
-
Norovirus
- The most likely cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in adults. Formerly called Norwalk-like virus.
- Spread by person to person contact or aerosols produced from vomiting.
-
Hemorrhagic fever
Illnesses characterized by vascular system damage (rash, bleeding gums and mucous membranes, internal bleeding).
-
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
Fatigue, fever, muscle aches, headache, dizziness, breathing difficulty. Lungs will fill with fluid.
-
Cytomegalovirus
The largest member of herpesviridae, it can cause serious birth defects. It can cause a mononucleosis like infection in healthy individuals.
-
HIV infection
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Is Responsible for HIV Disease and AIDS
-
HAART
When 3 or more drugs are used together, the combination is referred to as highly active antiretroviral therapy.
-
Hydrophobia
The fear of water.
-
Encephalitis
An inflammation of the brain.
|
|