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Phylum Cnidaria
- Corals, jellyfish, and hydras (10'000 species)
- Ecto- and endoderm, and mesoglea
- Polyp and Medusa body form
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Phylum Platyhelminthes
- Flatworms (20'000 species)
- All three layers of tissue, no coelomate
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Phylum Mollusca
- Snails, clams, squids, and octopi (93'000 species)
- Muscular foot, visceral mass, and a mantle
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Phylum Ectoprocta
- Bryozoans (5'000 species)
- Bodies encased in a hard exoskeleton
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Phylum Annelida
- Segmented worms, leeches (16'500 species)
- Rings on the outside of their bodies
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Phylum Arthropoda
- Bumblebee, beetle, centipede, spider, and crustaceans (1'000'000 species)
- Paired appendages, segmentation, exoskeleton
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Phylum Nematoda
- Roundworms (25'000 species)
- Common human parasites, live in aquatics
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Phylum Echinodermata
- Sea star, sand dollars, and sea urchins (7'000 species)
- Water-vascular system and tube feet
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Phylum Chordata
- Tunicates, lancelets, and vertebrates (52'000 species)
- Notochord, dorsal-hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, and muscular tail
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Subphylum Vertebrates
- Petromyzontigas (lampreys)
- Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish)
- Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)
- Amphibia (amphibians)
- Reptilia (reptiles and birds)
- Mammalia (mammals)
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Anterior
The front end of the specimen
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Posterior
The hind end of the specimen
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Dorsal
The upper side of the specimen
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Ventral
The lower side of the specimen
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Proximal
Located closest to a certain point of reference (i.e. the elbow is more proximal that the wrist in respect to the arm)
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Distal
Located farthest from some point of reference (i.e. the wrist is distal to the elbow in respect to the arm)
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Tetrapod morphology
Four limbs and enlarged head
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