CH 3 The Self, The Social, and Moral Development

Preschool- rapid development of gross and fine-motor skills

Elementary-physical development with girls ahead of boys in size

Secondary grades-adolescence, puberty, emotional struggles related to that

• Females faster than boys
• Early males=high social status but also more delinquent
• Same for all ethnicities
• Early females=bad (body issues, etc).

• supports 
• -brain development
• -language
• -social development

children release tension and learn to solve problems, adapt to new situations, negotiate, and coorporate

inactivity=obesity

• pale
• brittle fingernails
• fine dark hairs all over body
• easily chilled
• depressed
• insecure
• moody
• lonely
• stopped menstrual period

Theory takes into account both biological and social and cultural contexts that shape development.

• Each person develops inside
• microsystem=immediate relationships and activities inside a 
• mesosytem=relationships among microsystems
• and embedded in an
• exosystem=larger social settings like communities all of which are part of the
• macrosystem=culture

Lastly, these are all influenced by the time period (chronosytem)

Parenting styles

Authoritative parents (listen to children, encourage independence, place limits and consequences, warmth and nuturance, etc) =children are happy, relates well with others

Authoritarian parents(strict rules, demanding, no options, punish w/no explanation)= children feel guilty or depressed

Permissive parents (few rules, inconsistent with rules, more friend than parent, loving, use bribery)=children have trouble interacting with peers

Culture also plays a role.  Asian and African students do better with higher-controlling parents

Leaving behind important friendships when support is needed most

one parent=less time to be with them

adjusting to new family structures

significant role in personal and social development

close friends as children=higher self esteem and capable of maintaining intimate relationships as adults

Rejected children=more problems like dropping out of school and committing crimes

Groups students develop with norms for appearance and behavior

High achieving and high SES students=academic caring is more important

Studnets whoa re alienated=personal caring is more important

• unexplained bruises
• bites
• injuries
• fatigue
• depression
• absences
• poor hygiene
• inappropriate clothing
• problems with peers and others

Erikson emphasis on the relationship between society and the individual is a psychosocial theory of development=connects individual with social environment

8 stages with strong personal and social competence creating a foundation to solve future crises

• 1st and 2nd stage=infant develops trust over mistrust and autonomy over shame and doubt
• 3rd stage=initiative and avoiding guilt
• 4th stage=sense of industry and avoiding inferiority
• 5th stage=identity vs role confusion-->achieve identity
• 3 adult stages=intimacy, generativity, and integrity

Identity achievement=exploring realistic options and committed to them

Moratorium=exploration with a delay in commitment to personal and occupational choices  (identity crisis)

Identity foreclosure=commitment without exploration

Identity diffusion=do not explore any options or commit to any acctions

Challenge=forming an identity living in two worlds (values, beliefs, and behaviors) of their group and the larger culture.

Process: being aware of differences, find different ways of negotiating the differences, integration of both cultures

increasingly complex, differentiated, and abstract as we mature.

Evolves through constant reflection, social interaction, and experiences in and out of school

Students compare themselves to both personal and social standards

Self-concept and Self-esteem are beliefs about self.

Self-concept=scheme around impressions, feelings, and attitudes about ourselves

Self-esteem=evaluation of self worth

1st-12th grade=boys and girls go down in math confidence

Highschool boys and girls are = in math

Highschool boys=better at sports

Highschool girls=higher in language arts

Middleschool=decline self esteem for both boys and girls

Highschool=boys self esteem up, girls is down

Understanding people are people too and have their own mind, thoughts, feelings, etc

Important because children need to understand that others have their own mind and intentions

Young children=think everyone thinks the same

as they mature=learn people have separate identities and intentions

preconventional=judgments based on self interest

conventional=judgments based on traditional social norms

postconventional=judgments based on abstract and personal ethical principals

Critics say Kohlberg doesn't account for culture

Gilligan argued that women develop differently

• "Ethic of care"
• Moves from focus on self interest on moral reasoning based on commitment to specific individuals to principles of responsibility and care for all

Women more likely to have a care orientation

young child=justice means equal treatment for all

adult= morality involves beneficence and fairness and moral principles are independent of social norms

Adults through instruction, supervision, reward, punishment, and modeling.

Peer aggression=instrumental in achieving privilege or gaining an object or hostile intending to harm.

hostile aggression can be overt or relational

boys are more likely to use overt aggression while girls are more likely to use relational

many negative models of behavior

children internalize the messages from these "authority" figures on norms for aggression and empathy

Pressure.  if it's great enough and they chances of getting caught are slim, they'll cheat.