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Human communication?
transactional process in which people generate meaning through the exchange of verbal and nonverbal messages in specific contexts, influenced by individual and societal forces and embedded in culture.
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Components of Human Communication
- create meaning
- participants- two or more people interact
- channel
- Noice
- feedback
- Individual forces
- societal forces
- Culture
- Context
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Meaning Creation
- content and relationship meaning
- Content= denotative and connotative meaning. Denotative: concrete meaning of the message and connotative describes the meanings suggested by or associated with messages and the emotion behind them
- Relationship meaning= describes what the message conveys about the relationship between the parties.
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Setting?
includes the location where the communication occurs, environmental conditions, time of day, ot day of the week, and the proximity of the communicators.
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Participants
two or more people interact
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Channel
means through which a message is conveyed. channel used can affect how the message is received such as texting
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Noise
refers to any stimulus that can interfere with or degrade the quality of a message. External signals such as loud music or voices.
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Feedback
response o a message. lets sender know the message was received
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Models of Human Communication
- linear model: assumes that communication went from the sender to the receiver and reverse
- Society model
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How is communication a societal model
- transactional process: each person is a sender/reciever
- ongoing process
- influenced by relationships and previous events
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Enforced by individual forces
- field of experience: such as education and experiences
- individual forces: identity, age, sex, race, ethnicity.
- Societal forces: political, econonmic, social structure
- Culture and content: learned patterns and behaviors, content such as setting and participants
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What is perception?
- selection: consciously or unconsciously, you attend to just a narrow range of the arra of sensory information available and ignore the remainder
- organization:cognitive representation...describes human ability ot form mental models of the world the live in_ protypes (most typical or representative example of a person or concept)_interpersonal scipts (ia relatively fixed sequence of events you expect to occur during interactions with others....categorization: label, stereotyping
- interpretation: frames (structures that shape how people interpret their perceptions), attribution theory (explains the process we use to judge our own and other's behaviors)
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What is identity?
- identity exists at both individual and societal levels
- identities are both fixed and dynamic
- identities are created through interaction
- identities must be seen in context
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parts of individual, perception and identity
- reflected appraisal: looking glass
- social comparision: self fulfilling prophecy (when an individual expects something to occur) self concept (perception of your unique characteristics) Self Esteem
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Ethnics of perceiving and communicating about identities
- stereotyping:board generalizations
- prejudice: strong negative feeling about a group
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Verbal Communication
refers to the written/oral words we exchange
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Importance of verbal communication
meaning is created= verbal, plays role in identity, relationship development, languages spoken, identity
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Verbal communication and the individual
- instrumental: obtain what you need
- regulatory: control or regulate behavior of others
- inform: communicate information/ report facts
- Heuristic: acquire knowledge and understanding
- interactional: establishes and defines school relationships in both interpersonal and public setting
- imaginative: used to express oneself artistically or creatively..drama, poetry, stories
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Semantics
- denotative meaning: literal meaning of the word
- Connotative: interpretative meaning attached to a rule
- pragmactices: language use field of study that looks at how language is used in specific situations to accomplish goal- speech acts (say or do things with words) conversational rules (govern ways in which we organize conversation) contextual rules (use of language varies depending on content
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Influences on verbal communication
- age
- gender
- ethnity
- and other identities of verbal communication
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Phonology
study of sound that compose individual languages and how those sounds communicate meaning
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Syntax
rules that govern word order
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Nonverbal codes
signals are distinct, organized means of expression that conssit of both symbols for their
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Kinesics
system of studying nonverbal communication sent by the body including gestures, postures, movement, facial expressions, and eye behavior
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The body and nonverbal cues
- Gestures: such as pointing, waving, and holding up hands
- illustrators: signals that accompany speech to clarify or emphasize the verbal messages
- Adapters: gestures we use to manage our emotions
- immediacy: how close or involved people appear to be with each other
- relaxation: the degree of tension ones body displays
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Nonverbal cues and the face
paralinguistic: vocal aspects of nonverbal communication
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Non verbal and voice
- voice qualities: speed pitch rhythm, vocal range, and articulation
- Vocalization: sounds we utter that do no have the structure of language
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Time and space
- chronemics: study of the ways people use time as a message
- proxemics: study of how people use spatial cues, including interpersonal distance, territoriality, and other space relationships
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Proxemics
- intimate distance: 0-18 inches
- personal distance: 4-12 inches
- social distance: 4-12 feet
- public distance:12-25 feet
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Haptics
- professional touch: people who must touch others as part of their livelihood
- social polite touch: part of daily interaction
- friendship touch: intimate than social touch and usually conveys warms, closeness, and caring
- love intimate touch: romantic partners
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Communication information
- regulation interaction
- expressing and managing intimacy
- establishing social control
- signaling service task functions
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Importance of intercultural communication
- increased opportunities for intercultural contact
- enhanced business effectivness
- improved intergroup relations
- enhanced self-awareness
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Intercultural communication and the individual
- intercultural communication on the borders
- influence of cultural values on communicaion
- a dialectic approach
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Individual intercultural, communication and society
- political, historical, and societal forces
- intercultural communication and power
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Improving your intercultural communication skills
- increase motivation
- increase your knowledge of self and others
- avoid stereotypes
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intercultural communication
communication that occurs in interactions between people who are culturally different
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Boader dwellers through travel
- voluntary short term travelers: study abroad students
- Voluntary long term travelers: immigrants
- involuntary: temporary refugees from war, famine, or economic hardship
- permanent refugees from war famine, or economic hardship
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Interpersonal communication
- interpersonal communication
- involves interdependent parties
- continuum
- relational
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Interpersonal communication, relationships, and in individal
- influences on relationship development
- communicating in friendships and romantic relationships
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society, power, courtship, and marriage
- society, power, and romantic relationships
- society, power and friendship
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Improving your maintenance skills in long -distance friendships
- maintains frequent contact
- encourage openness
- engage in positivity
- offer social support
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romance termination strategies
- negative idenity mangement:communicating in ways that arrouse negative emotions in order to make the other person upset enough to agree to break off the relationship
- deescalation: come back together in the future
- justification
- positive tones
- behavioral
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Friend termination
- withdrawal
- machiavellian tactics
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developing social influence skills
- secondary: goals that constrain or enhance the message they use to accomplish their goals.. indentity goals (related to ones peronal concept) interaction goals (concertn rules for how a person should behave) Relational, personal
- primary: goals related to the outcome you want to take such as gaining assistance, sharing an activity, changing behavior, andd chaning the terms of a relationship
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Complicance gaining messages
communication strategies people use to influence one another
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Resisting other's influence
- reciprocation: repay others for what they give us
- consistency principle
- social proof
- liking
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managing aversive communication interactiosn
- deception
- jeaousy
- hurtful messages
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Relationship threats
- relational transgressions: fundamental relationship rules are avoided
- temptations:
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Influences on the perceived hurtfulness of a message
- relationship satisfaction
- intentionality
- framing
- self-esteem
- competence
- context
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relational infidelity
a server relations transgression in which one or both partners engage in extra dyadic behaviors that violate relationship rules of monogamy and exclusivity
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Emotional infidelity
behaviors suc as flirting, dating, spending time together, and falling in love with someone other than one's partner= cheating
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physcial infidelity
sexual activities that are committed with someone other than one's partner and includ acts ranging from kidding to sexual intercourse= acts of cheating
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interpersonal violence
- physical violence against a partner or a child
- batting relationships in which one indvidual uses violence as a way to control and dominate his or her partner
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What is Conflict
- interdependence
- interests
- incompatibilities
- limited resources
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what causes conflict
- behaviors
- personality
- relationship rules
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Conflict styles
- styles: describes the pattern of tactics an individual uses repetitively across parties and contexts- competive, cooperative, direct conflict, indirect conflict- avoiding, yielding
- tactic: an individual behavior a person uses when engaged in a conflict
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cascade model
cacade= way in which one [erson's negavtive conflict bahavior can trigger another person's negative behavior in such a way that their conglict patterns escalate eventually leading to a decline in relationship satisfaction
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four horsemen of apocalypse
- criticism: attacking partners's personality
- defensiveness: attempts by the partner to protect his or her identity
- contempt: behavior that is designed to insult and psychologically harm the partner
- stonewalling: one or both partners stop communicating, refuse to respond to each other's communication effors
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Indvidual, conflict, management, and society
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