LifeSpan_Week_1_to_7__Elisa_GBC

• •It looks at how we change and how we stay
• the same

A cohort is a group of people born at around the same time in the same place

It is traits, abilities and capacities the we get from our parents genetically. (a process also know as maturation.

• the environmental influences that shape behavior.
• These influences can be biological, social, or societal

a kind of variation over time that is expected and understood. 

For example gradual growth of a child into an adult is continuous change.

is not understood because there is no precedent (an earlier event) for this kind of change.

• Ex. the growth from childhood to adulthood is a form of continuous change,
• * Discontinuous change would be if the child were to lose both parents and become an orphan.

during development there are specific times where development i at its best or most sensitive.

Ex. Learning a language.  We can still learn, but it is less efficient

this is a period during developement that is during a set time frame and is very short for growing. 

Example - Eye sight between birth and 3yrs old.  if it is obstructed could affect the childs sight for life

It is behaviour motivated by inner forces, memories and conflicts of which a person has little control.

is when the developement is or are observable and there is environmental stimuli.

Ex. - If a young child is bit by a dog. and every since then she breaks out into sweats whenever the child sees a dog.  This would be a behaviour perspective

is a process in learning and how the brain works

This is where there is emphasizes on free will and individuals control of behavior

is the view of development that sees "the individual, not as a separate entity interacting with the environment, but as an inseparable part of it

Behavior that has been adaptive for promoting the survival of our species.

• 1. Id
• 2. Ego
• 3. Super ego

has no morals, totally unconscious and consists of instincts only

Uses reasoning to make a decisions and deals with the demands of reality.

takes into account whether something is right or wrong.  This is our conscince

• 1. Oral stage (birth to 18 months)
• 2. Anal stage (18 months to 3yrs.)
• 3. Phallic stage (3 to 6years)
• 4. Latent stage (6yrs to puberty)
• 5. Genital stage (puberty onward)

When individual remains locked in an earlier stage of development b/c needs are under or over gratified.

• Seeks to fulfill all wants, needs
• and impulses

tries to get the ego to act in an idealistic and moral manner.

• •Trust vs. Mistrust (infant- 1yr)
• •Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1–3yrs)
• •Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5yrs)
• •Industry vs. Inferiority (middle childhood)
• •Identity vs. Identity Confusion (adolescence)
• •Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adulthood)
• •Generativityvs. Stagnation (middle adulthood)
• •Integrity vs. Despair (late adulthood)

adding new information into existing knowledge?

adapting ones existing knowledge to new information

infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical motor actions (0 to 2yrs)

• •Children begin to represent the world
• with words, images, and drawings.

children can perform mental operations and logical reasoning starts to be used

• * not all ppl reach this stage
• * individual thinks in a more abstract more logical term
• * problem solving is more systematic

all ppl have a need for positive regard resulting from underlying wish to be loved and respected.

• As children play and cooperate with
• others, they learn what is important in their society

• What a learner can do without help and
• what he or she can do with help

The actual genetic material

• the way the individuals genotype is expressed.
• Ex. height, weight, eye colour

• 1. Alzheimer
• 2. Systic fibrous
• 3. Huntington Disease

comes from a single ovum and so identical

comes from two ovums and they are NOT identical

is to discover the specific location on genes that determine an individuals susceptibility to diseases

• Sampling of amniotic fluid using a hollow needle inserted into the uterus.
• To screen for developmental abnormalities in a fetus.

test that detects chromosomal abnormalities like down syndrome

• the examination of an embryo
• this may be used to obtain tissue specimens

is a blood sample taken from the head of the baby.

usually done to check for the presence of fetal acidosis

The degree of emotional stability that one displays

THE degree someone displays to be with others.

• 1. Active
• 2. Passive
• 3. Evocative

Attending to activities that the child' personality is drawn to

when parents provide opportunities to develope certain characteristics

• is when the personality traits direct activities.
• For example when the child feels a calling to be a singer or actor or anything

• 1. Germinal Stage > Fertilization (2 weeks)
• 2. Embryonic Stage > Organism secures to uterus (2 to 8 weeks)
• 3. Fetal stage major organ are formed (8 weeks to birth)

• arms and leg buds appear
• chambers of the heart take shape
• blood vessels surface

• The process of organ formation that takes place during the first 2 months of
• prenatal development

• Any agent that causes a birth
• defect

• The condition in which the fetus/newborn has
• an insufficient supply of oxygen.
• Can cause brain damage

An infant is one who is born prior to 38 weeks after conception

is born after 38–42 weeks but weighs less than 5 ½ lbs.

With a low birth weight are considered high risk

A form of learning in which the human decreases or tops responding to

• It is the first 28 days of life.
• baby automatically can breath, swallow cough sneezing blinking etc.

growth that proceeds from the head downwards

Running from the center of the body out towards the distal ends of appendages

Simple skills develop separately and independently, but these skills are later integrated into more complex ones. 

• Ex. - The child learns to control each finger separately, but then integrates these
• separate skills into the complex skill of grasping something.

different body systems grow at different rates.

are the basic cells of the nervous system

the elimination of synapses (the junction between two nerve cells) as the result of non-use or lack of stimulation.

is not completed till 4-5 years of age

• The process of the encasing axons with fat cells.
• Myelination both insulates the nerve cells and helps nerve impulses to travel faster.
• A myelin sheath (a layer of fat cells) encases most axons

• •Marasmus is a wasting away of body tissue
• in the infant’s first year, caused by severe protein-calorie deficiency.

• •Infants become grossly underweight and
• muscles atrophy.

• •Kwashiorkor is a condition caused by a
• deficiency in protein in which the child’s face, legs, and abdomen swell with
• water.

• •It causes the child’s vital organs to
• collect the nutrients that are present and deprive other parts of the body of them.
• •The child’s hair also becomes thin,
• brittle, and colourless.

The child’s behaviour also becomes listless

• •Identifies the way that individuals take in, store, and use information
• •Involves quantitative changes in ability to organize and manipulate information

• •Increases sophistication, speed, and capacity in information processing characterizes cognitive growth
• •Focuses on types of “mental programs” used when seeking to solve problems

Trust = sense of hope and success

Mistrust = sense of harsh and unfriendly world

• Autonomy = sense of independence
• Shame and doubt = sense of self doubt and un happiness

Refers to how a child behaves

• •Two-year-olds have brains that are
• about three-quarters the size and weight of an adult brain.
• •By age 5, children’s brains weigh
• 90 percent of average adult brain weight.
• •In comparison, the average 5-year-old’s total body weight is just 30 percent of average adult body weight.

allow for more complex communication between neurons, and they permit the rapid growth of cognitive skills

• A bundle of nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres of the brain.
• Becomes considerably thicker, developing as many as 800 million individual fibers that help coordinate brain functioning between the two hemispheres.
• 
  

The process in which certain functions are located more in one hemisphere than the other.

Language is more evenly divided between two hemispheres

–Greater lateralization of language in left hemisphere

–Higher autism incidence (Baron-Cohen’s theory)

The tendency to focus on only one aspect of the situation or problem

The child understands that changing the form of a substance or object does not change its amount, overall volume, or mass.

• •Preschoolers do not understand that
• others have different perspectives from their own

• •Before the age of 3:
• –Speak only for their own entertainment

–Apparently unaware if anyone else can understand

• •Often do not fully understand plots
• •Unable to recall significant story details
• •Make limited and often erroneous inferences about motivations
• • Difficulty separating fantasy from reality
• •Not able to critically understand and
• evaluate advertising messages

• The desire to act independently
• of parents and become autonomous

• •Belief that people are permanently male
• or female because of fixed, unchangeable biological factors

• •Gender schemas occur well before gender
• constancy is understood

• Simple, repetitive activities typical of 3-year-olds that may involve objects
• or repetitive muscular movements

Activities in which children manipulate objects to produce or build something

Children play with similar toys, in a similar manner, but do not interact with each other

•Children simply watch each other play

• •Children interact with one another in
• groups of two or more

• •Children share or borrow toys or
• materials, but do not do the same thing

• •Children play with one another, take
• turns, play games, and devise contests

Develop more effective strategies and sophisticated social skills, learn to better cope with negative emotions

–Learn to use language to express wishes

Become increasingly able to negotiate with other

• –Motivated by desire to obtain a concrete
• goal

–Higher in boys than girls

• –Intended to hurt another person’s
• feelings through non-physical means

–Higher in girls than boys

• •death drive leads to aggressive
• actions and behaviour

•fighting instinct found in all humans

•strengthening species drives aggression

prior learning shapes aggression

interpretation of others’ actions and situations influences aggression

• True!!
• By age 5 childrens brains are 90% the weight of an adult.  Age 5 their brain is almost the same size as an adult. crazy.

it is protective insulation that surrounds parts of the neuron

cognitive development

is a bundle of nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres of the brain.

• 1. SPEAKING
• 2. READING
• 3. THINKING
• 4. REASONING

• 1. recognition of patterns
• 2. drawings
• 3. music
• 4. emotional expression

The use of one hand over the other.

the process in which one state is changed into another

• knowing that quantity is not related to the arrangement and physical appearance of an object. 
• Ex. pouring the same amt of liquid in a short lass doesn't make the amt of liquid less.  but preschoolers do not know the different between the two amts of liquid.

when a pre schooler uses primitive reasoning and theie ongoing wold knowledge,

Example - preschoolers come to understand that pushing harder on the bike pedals make the bicycle go faster.

broad representations in memory of events and the order in which they occur.

IS MEMORY FROM A PARTICULAR EVENT FROM ONE'S OWN LIFE

consists of gradual improvements in the ways ppl perceive, understand, and remember information.

the way an individual combines words and phrases to form a sentence

new words are associated w/their meaning only after a brief encounter

i wen a child talks to him or herself.  when the speech is direct towards themselves.

the aspect of language that relates to communication effectively with others

is speech directed towards another person and meant to be understood by that person

No.  in this stage girls are usually taller than boys

Is between age 7 to 12

And is characterized by the active use of logic

Is the ability to take multiple aspects of a situation into account

• *Increasing ability to handle information
• *Memory improvement
• *Short term memory capacity improvement

• Understand language is governed by set of
• rules

• factors attributable not only to themselves, but to person communicating with
• them

understanding of ones own use of language

Fosters the view of American society as a melting pot.

Canadian society is made up of a diverse, coequal culture that should preserve their individual culture features

maintaining ones original culture while integrating oneself into the dominant culture

A test consisting of a series of items that very according to the age of the person being tested.

A test for children that provides separate measures of verbal and performance skills as well as a total score

An intelligence test that measures childrens ability to integrate different stimuli at the same time and use step by step thinking

Programs that allow gifted tudents to move ahead at their own pace.  even if that means they skip a grage.

students are kepted at a grade level but are enrolled in special programs and given individual activities to allow greater depth of study on a given topic

Feelings of mastery & proficiency and a growing sense of competence

Feeling of Failure and inadequacy

• * Self-esteem increases
• * Children increasingly compare themselves
• to others
• *Children are developing their own standards

people follow unvarying rules based on rewards and punishments

people approach problems in terms of their own position as good,responsible members of society

• •Postconventional
• Morality (stages
• 5 & 6): universal moral principles are invoked and considered broader than
• a particular society

• 1. Pre-conventional Morality
• 2. Conventional Morality
• 3. Post-conventional Morality

receive relatively little attention from peers in the form of either positive or negative interaction

are actively disliked and peers may react to them in an obviously negative manner

Larger networks of friends than girls

Strict dominance hierarchy

• Attempt to maintain and improve status in
• hierarchy

Restrictive play

• •Focus on one or two “best friends” of
• relatively equal status

• •Conflicts solved by compromise, ignoring
• situation, or giving in

• •Can be confrontational with other girls
• who are not their friends

• •Language is less confrontational and
• direct than boys’