An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking,
feeling, and acting
Pop culture of personality came from...
Fred's theories of personality
explain Freds Model of Mind The mind is like an iceberg...
Mostly hidden and below the surface lies the unconscious mind. The preconscious, stores temporary memories.
he was talking about unconcsious drives and motives we are unaware of
Freud exploring the unconscious
Believed the unconscious was a reservoir of mostly unaccetable thoughts wishes feelings and memories. he belived our most basic drivers were sexual or aggressive but because society didn't accept it we had to conseal it
Discuss Freud’s view of the mind as an iceberg, and explain how he used this image to represent conscious and
unconscious regions of the mind.
The mind is like an
iceberg. Mostly hidden and below the surface lies the unconscious mind. The
preconscious, stores temporary memories.
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Psychoanalysis
Freud developed techniques that he thought would tap into repressed desires and unconscious
conflicts.
Free
association—Freud asked patients to say whatever came to their mind to tap the
unconscious.\
Dream
interpretation—analyzing the manifest content of dreams to make inferences about latent meanings.
Describe Freud’s view of personality structure, and discuss the interactions of the id, ego and the superego.
Personality develops
as a result of our efforts to resolve conflicts between our biological impulses
(id) and social restraints (superego).
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the Id is...
unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives operating on the pleasure
principle, demanding immediate gratification.
Largely conscious, ____ functions as the “executive” and mediates the demands of id and superego.
ego, thinkin of a manager and inbetween Id and superego
Superego
provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations. too good
Jack's mother baked a tray of good smelling cookies she put them on a tray on the counter to cool and told him not to touch them while they cooled because there for his sister's party. jack loves his sister but could not help himself and took em and ran. what personality compoment would Freud say is dominating this scene?
the Id
imagine instead that as jack looked at the cookies mouth watering he tought about his sister and mom's warning and didn't take cookieswhat personality compoment would Freud say is operating to balance Jack's compeating desires and concerns?
Ego, it is teh ego and not supereago is because were talking about the compoment that balances the idea, not internlization of it
Identify Freud’s psychosexual stages of development, and describe the effects of fixation on behavior
personality formed during life's first few years divided into psychosexual stages. during these stages the Id's pleasure seeking energies focus on pleasure sensitive body areas called erogenous ones
also believed that conflics unresolved during one of tehse stages could lead a person to fixate pleasure seeking energies during that stage
Oedipus complex
Freud’s theory about boys’ sexual
desires toward their mothers and feelings of
jealousy and hatred for the rival fathers
supposed to be druing the phalics stage
Electra complex
Freud’s theory about girls’ desire
for the fathers and jealousy toward their mothers.
Children cope with threatening feelings by repressing
them and by _____ with the
rival parent. Through this process of identification their superego gains
strength incorporating parents’ values.
identifying
Describe the function of defense mechanisms, and identify six of them.
Ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.
Repression
Regression
Reaction Formation
Projection
Rationalization
Displacement
Repression
banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
Regression
leads an individual faced with anxiety to retreat to a more infantile psychosexual
stage.
Reaction Formation
1.causes
the ego to unconsciously switch unacceptable impulses into their opposites.
People may express feelings of purity when they may be suffering anxiety from
unconscious sexual feelings.
Projection
leads people to disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.
Rationalization
offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening,
unconscious reasons for one’s actions.
Displacement
shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or persons… redirecting anger toward a safer outlet.
Freud's Ideas Accepted by Neo-Freudians (new Freudians)
Importance of the unconscious
Id, ego, and superego
Shaping of personality in childhood
Defense mechanisms
Neo-Freduians departed from Freud in two ways:
Placed more emphasis on the conscious mind
Placed less emphasis on sex and aggression, focusing on more social goals
believed a child struggles with the inferiority complex and strives for
superiority and power.
Carl Jung believed in the ___ ____ which contained a common reservoir of images derived from our species’ past. He believed this is why many cultures share certain myths and images such as the mother as a symbol of nurturance.
collective unconscious
The idea of a projective tests is
reveal the hidden unconscious mind perspective
Describe two projective tests used to assess personality, and discuss some criticisms of them.
Thematic Apperception Test
A series of drawings and your asked to tell a story about the drawings
Rorschach Inkblot Test
thers only one "standardiese" inkblot test some are in black n white and some add color and your jsut ask to tell therapist what you see
Critics argue that projective test lack both reliability (consistency of results) and validity (predicting what it is supposed to).
Even trained raters evaluating the same patient come up with different interpretations
(reliability).
And projective tests may misdiagnose a normal individual as pathological (validity).
True or False
Modernresearch shows the existence of non-conscious information processing.
True
•E.g.,
Schemas, Implicit memories.
True or False
Freud’s theory has been criticized on scientific
merits. Most of its concepts arise out
of clinical practice which give rise to untestable,
after-the-fact explanations
True
•E.g.,
repression has little support (“partly refuted, partly untested, and partly untestable”;
Loftus, 1995)
isabelle is fou years old. not in schoolyet and spend day with her stay at home mom. during the day she sometiems has tantroms whens eh doesnt get her way but when her father comes home from work she's almost always well behave for him and think she's her dad's little princess. how would freud explain isabell's behavior?
Electra complex
The humanistic perspective offered a perspective that emphasized____ ____
human potential.
Summarize Abraham Maslow’s concept of self-actualization, and explain how his ideas illustrate the humanistic perspective.
Self-actualized people are:
self-aware and self-accepting,
open and spontaneous,
loving and caring,
self-secure
someoen who is self actualization is someoen who reaches their full potiental and contributes to teh world around them
Carl Rogers believed that ____ ____ ____, an attitude of acceptance despite our failings,nurtures our growth and helps us develop a positive self-concept.
Unconditional Positive Regard
Contemporary Personality Research three areas
Trait perspective
Social-cognitive
perspective
Self-esteem and
self-serving biases
The Trait Perspective
An individual’s unique constellation of durable dispositions and consistent ways of behaving
(traits) constitutes his personality.
Hans and Sybil Eysenck
suggested that personality could be reduced down to two polar dimensions, ____ ____ and ____ ____n____
extraversion-introversion
emotional stability-instability.
Explain how psychologists use personality inventories to assess traits, and discuss the most widely used of these
inventories.
Personality inventories are questionnaires
(often with true-false or agree-disagree items) designed to gauge a wide range
of feelings and behaviors assessing several traits at once.
e.g,
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory
an empirically derived measure
true/false statements
objectively scored
empirically derived means
a pool of things that are put on the text then they give it to others to standerdize it, then used statistics to see how the two groups are seperated
| Identify the Big Five personality factors, and discuss some of the strengths of this approach to studying personality.
The most widely-accepted organization of personality traits among today’s trait
researchers is that they can be reduced (through factor analysis) to
a set of five factors.
say basically there are five differnt persoality differneces this is used by many researchers
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a class valedictorying with a competitive type A personality might be espected to be ____ in neutorticism ____ in conscientioness and ____ in agreeableness
