Anaplasia (loss of differentiation and organization)
Autonomy (grow at own rate)
Angiogenesis (able to stimulate blood vessel formation)
Immune response to cancer
body identifies abnormal cells and destroys them using T lymphocytes, antibodies, interferons, tumor necrosis factor. But at some point overwhelms immune system
__________ are carcinomas which develop from epilethelial cells and sarcomas from mesenchymal cells
solid tumors
__________________ are leukemias and lymphomas
hematological malignancy
Causes of cancer
Smoking
Carcinogens
Radiation
Chronic disease
Poor nutrition
Genetics
Viruses
Inactivity
Stress
Weight
Drugs are given in combination and act at different stages of the cell cycle which allows drugs to be
given in lower doses yet be more effective
G0 phase
resting phase, cell is dormant
G1 phase
stimulate to emerge from rest. Synthesis and collecting substances necessary for DNA formation
S phase
synthesis of DNA with amount of cellular DNA doubled
g2
cell prepares all substances need for manufacture of mitotic spindles
M phase
cell splits to form 2 identical daughter cells in process of mitosis
induction
complete remission or disappearance of abnormal cells
consolidation
further reduce tumor burden
Alkylating Agent prototype
Chlorambucil (Leukeran)
Antimetabolites prototype
methotrexate
Antineoplastic Antibiotics
doxorubicin (adriamycin)
Mitotic inhibitors prototype
vincristine (oncovin)
Hormone and Hormone modulator protype
tamoxifen (nolvadex)
Special Issues when caring for an individual receiving chemotherapy
Bone marrow suppression
Extravasation (focus on safe medication administration)
Tumor lysis (tumors rleaseing toxic compounds as cells die)
Emesis (throwing up)
Rescue medicines (example Leucovorin Calcium)
What type of alternative therapy increase the risk of hepatotoxicity