-
Which primate pale-genus is found in the Fayum and is probably close to the ancestry of both major groups of living Old World anthropoids?
Aegyptopithecus
-
About when did the initial hominid divergence from the African hominoids most likely occur?
~6-7mya
-
What is a hominid's defining characteristics?
bipedalism, culture, bigger brain
-
What are the adaptive advantages of bipedalism?
Thermoregulation, holding things while walking, less energy demanding
-
Anatomical changes in hominins indicative of habitual bipedal locomotion include...
short broad pelvis, valgus angle, longer lower limbs, restructured ear bones, foot arches, relocation of hallux (big toe)
-
The earliest stone tools are dated to approximately...
2.5mya
-
The estimated average cranial capacity for Homo Habilis is...
630cc (~20% larger than earlier hominins)
-
The earliest australopith fossils come from...
Central Africa, ~6mya
-
The hominid fossils from Laetoli and Hadar are classified by most researchers as...
Australopithecus
-
Recently discovered remains from the Tugen Hills, dated to about 6 million years ago have been placed in which genus?
Orrorin
-
Sahelanthropus has an unusual combination of characteristics, including...
small brain, huge brow bone, at least partially bipedal
-
Which situations would be best suited to the carbon-14 dating technique?
organic materials that were ones alive, 1000-50,000 years ago, compares carbon 12 and carbon 14 ratios
-
Potassium-40 (40K) decays to...
Argon-40, 1-5mya
-
The current evidence indicates that hominids possessed all the major structural changes necessary for bipedalism by... (years ago)
~4mya
-
What are the contributions of Olduvai research?
made paleoarcheologists and anthropologists to reassess their idea about early human tool use
-
The key artifacts in the Oldowan tool tradition are:
stone tools, manuports, flame(?) tools
-
Radiometric dating techniques are based on what principle?
Chronometric dating
-
Which dating techniques relies on the regular growth of tree rings?
dendrochronology
-
When a disease is continuously present in a population it is said to be...
endemic
-
Proto-hominins (pre-australopiths) lives approximately... (years ago)
~6-4.4mya
-
Could pro to-hominins (pre-australopiths) use tools?
no
-
Which term refers to the process of attaching a handle to a tool?
hafting
-
If you were digging a hominid site that contains geological layers that resulted from volcanic activity, what dating technique would you most likely use?
Potassium-Argon
-
The principle of superposition is a key component of what relative dating technique?
stratigraphy
-
Reconstructing human technology and material culture as a means of generating testable ideas about the past is known as:
experimental archaeology
-
The study of contemporary human societies as a means of understanding the past is known as:
ethnoarchaeology
-
The spatial and temporal relationships between artifacts and features is known as:
contexts
-
Which of the best defines an ecofact?
natural materials that render environmental info about a site (pollen, faunal remains, soil type)
-
What is the most common means of conducting a site survey?
excavation
-
The study of the human past, primarily through material remains, is known as:
archaeology
-
Taphonomy is defined as:
how biological and material artifacts came to be where they are
-
What kinds of evidence of hominid behavior are most likely available for study?
bones/footprints
-
Why are stone tools important for reconstructing the human past?
showed how they hunted/gathered
-
The term 'hominin' refers to:
a bipedal hominoid (including ancestral humans)
-
________ is the study of the evolution of behavior, emphasizing the role of ecological factors as agents of natural selection.
behavioral ecology
-
Ecological factors influencing primate social behavior include...
distribution of food/water, predators, nutritional value of foods
-
Primate groups composed of several adult males and females are advantageous in what kind of areas?
predator defense
-
Mounting as an expression of dominance in baboons is believed to also serve to...
defuse potentially tense situations
-
Amicable behaviors that promote group cohesion are called ______ behaviors.
affiliative
-
In many primate species, _______ behaviors have a central role in reinforcing social relationships
affiliative
-
Are permanent male-female bonds typical among non-human primates?
no
-
The term for a mating system in which males, and some cases females, have several mating partners is...
polygymous
-
What does K-selection refer to?
species that produce relatively few offspring but invest a large amount of parental care
-
Species producing relatively large numbers of offspring and invest little parental care are...
R-selective
-
Infanticide by adult males can occur because...
transfer of new male into group/encounter with unfamiliar female
-
What is the basic primate social unit?
female and infants
-
Linguistic symbols are said to be ________ because they do not resemble the object or concept they represent
arbitrary
-
Which non-human primates have been taught to use sign language?
chimpanzees
-
What do the language experiments with chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas incite?
They have the ability to communicate using different kinds of symbols
-
Currently, there are approximately ___ species of non-human primates.
230
-
What is noteworthy about primate maturation, learning, and behavior?
cultural behavior. maturation takes longer, learning and behavior is more complex
-
Traditionally, primate characteristics have been explained as the result of adaptation to ______ environments
arboreal
-
Using all for limbs to support the body during locomotion is called...
quadrupeds
-
Vertical clinging and leaping is a locomotor pattern frequently practiced by which kinds of primates?
tarsiers (and Indris lemur)
-
_______ is seen in some New World monkeys, but not in any Old World monkeys.
Prehensile tails
-
DNA hybridization of humans and chimpanzees indicate they share about ___% of their DNA base sequences.
98%
-
What are the defining characteristics of tarsiers?
huge eyes, nocturnal, vertical climber/leapers
-
What are the most non-derived, or primitive, primates?
lemurs and lorises
-
Monkeys are divided into which two major groups?
Old World and New World
-
What are the smallest New World anthropoids?
marmosets and tamarians
-
What is a hominoid? Examples?
- Primate with a larger body, no tail, shorter trunk, more complex behavior, enhanced cognitive abilities, longer gestation/maturation.
- humans and apes (orangutans, gorillas, bonobos, chimps)
-
Sexual dimorphism refers to...
differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species
-
Gibbons and siamangs are adapted for what kind of locomotion?
brachiation (long arms, strong shoulders, permanently curved fingers, short thumbs)
-
Mountain gorilla social groups are usually composed of...
male silverback, several younger male "blackbacks," a number of females
-
Chimpanzees live in groups composed of..
50+ members
-
What is a major underlying factor for the declining numbers of nonhuman primates?
unpredicted human population growth/destruction of their habitats
-
Ideally, taxonomic classification suggests what kind of relationships?
evolutionary
-
Structural similarities shared by species that are acquired by descent from a common ancestor are...
homologies
-
What is the evolutionary process that produces analogous structures called?
Analogies?
-
Structural similarities shared by a wide array of distantly related species that are inherited from a remote ancestor, such as the number of bones in the forelimb, are termed...
derived/ancestral?
-
What is the term for traits that reflect specific evolutionary lineages and can be informative of evolutionary relationships?
clade/cladistics
-
A hypothesis regarding ancestor-descendant relationships that includes a time scale is called..
geological time scale
-
Speciation can occur as a result of..
geographical isolation, genetic drift, natural selection
-
Morphological variation between individuals within a species is called...
population genetics
-
As discussed in the text, long-term continental drift had significant evolutionary ramifications because...
induced volcanic activity, formed mountains, caused earthquakes
-
What does the term endothermic refer to?
ability to maintain internal body temperature by producing energy through metabolic processes within cells
-
What are Monotremes?
mammals that lay eggs
-
What is the term for the rapid expansion and diversification of groups of organisms into newly available ecological niches?
adaptive radiation
-
What is the false belief that there is a relationship between physical traits and certain behavioral traits such as intelligence and morality?
biological determinism
-
What is the term for the philosophy of "race improvement" through the forced sterilization of some groups and the encouraged reproduction of others?
eugenics
-
What is a polytypic species?
species composed of populations that differ in the expression of 1 or more traits
-
In its most common biological usage, the term race is...
geographically patterned phenotypic variation within a species
-
Why are anthropologists interested in the ABO blood type system?
it's polymorphic
-
The frequency of the O allele (in ABO blood type) is almost 100% among which indigenous population?
South America
-
Lactose intolerance is characterized by...
when the body stopes producing lactase
-
Population geneticists use the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation to determine...
predicted distribution of alleles in populations
-
Biological systems are balanced systems maintained by the interaction of physiological mechanisms that compensate for both external and internal changes. Such a balanced system is in...
homeostasis
-
Acclimatization refers to...
short term physiological changes that mediate a shift in environmental conditions
-
What are some examples of acclimatization?
- Hypoxia
- UV radiation -> tanning
- cold -> vasoconstriction
- heat -> vasodilation
-
What contributes most to skin color?
melanin produced by melanocytes
-
Dark skin is found in populations near the equator. Why?
Increased melanin acts as a defensive mechanism from the harmful UV radiation of the more intense sunlight
-
What causes rickets?
Lack of Vitamin D
-
Mechanisms for radiating body heat include...
sweat glands (evaporation), vasodilation
-
What is Bergmann's rule?
among mammals, increased mass to surface area is observed in colder climates -> greater heat retention
-
Hypoxia is...
increased hemoglobin production - pulmonary expansion
-
What are disease-causing organisms such as bacteria and viruses called?
pathogens
-
The World Health Organization lists ____ as the world's leading killer of adults.
tuberculosis
-
What is the belief that species do not change but are the same as when first created known as?
fixity of species
-
By the 17th century, some scientists were beginning to break with long-held traditions and sought to investigate ______.
evolution
-
________ first recognized that species were groups of organisms that were distinguished from other such groups by their ability to mate with one another and produce fertile offspring.
John Ray
-
_______ refine the existing system of classifying biological organisms into a binomial system.
Carolus Linnaeus
-
Charles Darwin was not the only one to conceive the idea of natural selection. Who published an article suggesting current species were descended from other species?
Alfred Russel Wallace
-
Who was the first to actually attempt to explain the mechanism by which species change?
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
-
What is the view that the extinction and the subsequent appearance of more modern forms could be explained by a series of disasters and creations?
catastrophism
-
_______ proposed that population size increases at a faster rate than food supplies.
Thomas Malthus
-
The fact that individuals who possess favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than those who possess less favorable traits is the basis for which theory?
natural selection/survival of the fittest
-
"Fitness," in an evolutionary sense, refers to an individual's...
reproductive success
-
According to the text, which is among the reasons that about half of Americans believe that evolution does not occur?
- "It's only a theory"
- "There's no new species"
- "If we evolved from monkeys, why are there still monkeys?"
-
A person who is homozygous recessive at a locus will express what kind of genotype?
Recessive trait
-
What is the term used to refer to the observable, physical expression of genotypes?
phenotypes
-
What is it called when a person possesses two different alleles at the same locus, and both alleles are expressed in the phenotype?
codominance (AB blood type)
-
How many ABO phenotypes are there?
4
-
Mendelian traits are described as discrete, or discontinuous because...
they don't have a range of phenotypes, they are determined from a single locus
-
What types of traits are governed by more than one genetic locus?
polygenic
-
What is the only source of new genetic material in any population?
mutation
-
What is gene flow defined as?
exchange of genes between populations. new genes produced
-
Genetic drift is...
random reduction in genetic variation caused by sudden reduction in the number of individuals interbreeding within a population. some alleles disappear, others become the only gene variant
-
Altruism is a behavior that...
benefits another individual by at some potential risk or cost to oneself
-
Some of the deliberate nonhuman primate behaviors that serve as communication include...
grooming, facial expressions
|
|