A&P Chapter 2

The capacity to do work

• Carbon
• Oxygen
• Hydrogen
• Nitrogen

the number of protons in an atoms nucleus

the sum of the masses of the protons and neutrons of an atom

• Have the same number of protons and electrons but differ in the number of neutrons.
• C-14 or ¹⁴C

Is an average of the relative weights of all the isotopes of an element, taking into account their relative abundance in nature

• the process of atomic decay
• When radioisotopes disintegrate, the element may transform to a different element.

• Solutions: mineral water
• Colloids: jello
• Suspensions: blood

6.02 X 10²³ and it is the number of particles in one mole

The further the electron is from the nucleus the greater the potential energy and the more likely it is to interact chemically with other atoms.

• Are typically small atoms that are electron hungary and will tend to attract electrons very strongly.
• They tend to be atoms with 6 or 7 valence shell electrons.

• Form when a hydrogen atom, already covalently linked to one electronegative atom (usually nitrogen or oxygen), is attracted by another electron hungry atom, so that a "bridge" forms between them.
• Too weak of a bond to bind atoms together to form molecules, however are important intramolecular bonds.

• Anabolic: synthesis reactions that are the basis of constructive activities with in cells
• Catabolic: Decomposition reactions that are degradative processes in body cells.

• The reactant that is losing the electrons and it is also referred to as the electron donor
• Usually by the loss of hydrogen or addition of oxygen

The reactant taking up the transferred electrons

• Reactions that release energy
• Yield products with less energy than there reactants.
• Catabolic and oxidative reactions are examples

• Temperature: increase in temperature is also an increase in kinetic energy
• Concentration: higher probability of interaction
• Particle size: smaller particles will tend to move faster and collide more frequently
• Catalysts: increase the rate of chemical reactions

• 1. High heat capacity: prevents sudden changes in body temperatures caused by external factors
• 2. High heat of vaporization: beneficial when we sweat
• 3. Polar solvent properties: enable nutrients, respiratory gases, and metabolic wastes to dissolve in blood to be carried through out the body or excreted
• 4. Reactivity: food is digested by hydrolysis reactions (breakdown of food by addition of water)
• 6. Cushioning: forms a resilient cushion around certain body organs and helps to protect from physical trauma

• Substances that conduct an electrical current in solution
• Ions

• CO₂
• CO

• Glucose
• Fructose
• Galactose
• Deoxyribose
• Ribose

• Sucrose: Glucose and Fructose
• Maltose: Glucose and Glucose
• Lactose: Galactose and Glucose

• Fatty acids and glycerol in a 3:1 ratio
• Glycerol: 3 carbon molecule with only hydrogen and one alcohol group bonded to each carbon

• Considered heart healthy fat
• More branches of the fat chain
• Typical of plant lipids

All amino acids are identical with the exception of their 'R' group

The sequence of amino acids that forms the polypeptide chain

the primary that has formed spirals (alpha helices) and sheets (beta sheets)

Superimposed on secondary structure. Alpha helices and/or beta sheets are folded up to form a compact globular molecule held together by intramolecular bonds.

• Two or more polypeptide chains, each with its own tertiary structure
• A functional protein

• Compact spherical proteins that have at least tertiary structure.
• Water soluble
• Chemically active
• play crucial roles in virtually all biological processes
• Referred to as the functional protein

• Referred to as structural proteins
• are extended and strandlike
• Insoluble in water and are very stable
• form a strong rope like structure

When the protein begins to uncoil and lose their specific three dimensional shape

A cofactor derived from vitamins

• Purines: Adenine (forms double bonds) and Guanine (forms triple bonds)
• Pyrimidines: Thymine (forms double bonds in DNA), Uracil (forms double bonds in RNA), and Cytosine (forms triple bonds)

• Adenosine triphosphate
• The primary energy transferring molecule in cells and it provides a form of energy that is immediately usable by all body cells