-
Define
ovaries
- pair of almond shaped organs located in the pelvic cavity
- egg cells are formed and stored in the ovaries
-
Define
ovum
plural: ova
female egg cell
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Define
graafian follicles
- 100,000 microscopic sacs that make up a large portion of the ovaries
- each follicle contains an immature ovum
- normally one graafian follicle develops to maturity monthly between puberty and menopause
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Define
uterine tubes
or
fallopian tubes
*remember, for test purposes to use uterine tube
pair of 5 inch tubes attached to the uterus, that provide a passageway for the ovum to move from the ovary to the uterus
*not attached to the ovaries
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Define
fimbria
plural: fimbriae
finger-like projections at the free end (the end away from the uterus) of the uterine tube
*help draw the ovum into the uterine tube from the ovary
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Define
uterus
- pear-sized and pear-shaped muscular organ that lies in the pelvic cavity
- except during pregnancy when it enlarges and extends up into the abdominal cavity
- its functions are menstruation, pregnancy, and labor
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Define
endometrium
inner lining of the uterus
-
Define
myometrium
muscular middle layer of the uterus
-
Define
perimetrium
outer this layer that covers the surface of the uterus
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what are the three uterine layers, and how are they different?
- endo/metr/i/um - inner layer
- my/o/metr/i/um - muscular middle layer
- peri/metr/i/um - thin outer layer, covers surface
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Define
corpus, or body
large central portion of the uterus
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Define
fundus
rounded upper portion of the uterus
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Define
cervix (Cx)
narrow lower portion of the uterus
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Define
Vagina
a 3-inch tube that connects the uterus to the outside of the body
-
Define
hymen
fold of membrane found near the opening of the vagina
-
Define
rectouterine pouch
also called Douglas cul-de-sac
pouch between the posterior wall of the uterus and the anterior wall of the rectum
-
Define
Bartholin glands
pair of mucus producing glands located on each side of the vagina and just above the vaginal opening
-
Define
mammary glands
or breasts
- pair of milk producing glands of the female
- each breast consists of 15-20 divisions, or lobes
-
Define
mammary papilla
breast nipple
* separate (not the same as) from the areola
-
Define
areola
pigmented area around the breast nipple
-
Define
vulva
or external genitalia
- two pairs of lips that surround the vagina
- external: labia majora
- internal: labia minora
-
Define
clitoris
highly erogenous erectile body located anterior to the urethra
*part of (included with) the vulva (external genitalia)
-
Define
perineum
*watch spelling, do not mix up with peritoneum
- pelvic floor in both the male and female
- in females it usually refers to the area between the vaginal opening and the anus
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cervic/o
combining form
cervix
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culp/o
vagin/o
combining form
vagina
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culd/o
combining form
- cul-de-sac
- Douglas cul-de-sac
- rectouterine pouch
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episi/o
vulv/o
combining form
vulva
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gynec/o
gyn/o
combining form
woman
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hymen/o
combining form
hymen
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metr/o
metr/i
hyster/o
*note, the combining vowel with metr can be either 'o' or 'i', pay attention to correct spelling
*the hysterical baby is riding on the metri/metro
uterus
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mamm/o
mast/o
combining form
breast
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men/o
combining form
menstruation
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oophor/o
combining form
ovary
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perine/o
combining form
perineum
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salping/o
*Salpinx is derived from the Greek term for trumpet. The term was used for the uterine tubes because of their trumpet-like shape
combining form
- uterine tube
- fallopian tube
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peri-
prefix
surrounding (outer)
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-atresia
*Note: for learning purposes this is presented as a suffix
literally means no perforation or hole
comprised of Greek a- meaning without, and tresia meaning perforation
it may be used alone or combined with other word parts
suffix
- absence of a normal body opening
- occlusion
- closure
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-salpinx
*Note: for learning purposes this is presented as a suffix
suffix
- uterine tube
- fallopian tube
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a/men/o/rrhea
absence of menstrual discharge
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Bartholin aden/itis
also called bartholinitis
inflammation of a Bartholin gland
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cervic/itis
inflammation of the cervix
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colp/itis
vagin/itis
inflammation of the vagina
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dys/men/o/rrhea
painful menstrual discharge
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endo/cervic/itis
- inflammation of the inner (lining) of the cervix
- *do not confuse with endometritis
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end/o/metr/itis
inflammation of the inner (lining) of the uterus (endometrium, or inner layer)
*do not confuse with endocervicitis
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hemat/o/salpinx
blood in the uterine tube
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hydr/o/salpinx
water in the uterine tube
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hyster/atresia
closure of the uterus (uterine cavity)
*think absence of opening of the uterus
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mast/itis
inflammation of the breast
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men/o/metr/o/rrhagia
*not the same as menorrhagia or metrorrhagia, pay attention on test
- rapid flow of blood from the uterus at menstruation
- and between menstrual cycles
- increase amount
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men/o/rrhagia
*not the same as menometrorrhagia or metrorrhagia, pay attention on test
rapid flow of blood from the uterus at menstruation (increased amount)
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metr/o/rrhagia
*not the same as menometrorrhagia or menorrhagia, pay attention on test
rapid flow of blood from the uterus (between menstrual cycles)
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What is the difference between menometrorrhagia, menorrhagia, and metrorraghia?
- menometrorrhagia - at and between cycles
- menorrhagia - at menstruation
- metrorrhagis - between cycles
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my/o/metr/itis
inflammation of the uterine muscle (myometrium, or middle layer)
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olig/o/men/o/rrhea
- scanty menstrual flow
- less often
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oophor/itis
inflammation of the ovary
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peri/metr/itis
inflammation surrounding the uterus, perimetrium (outer layer)
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py/o/salpinx
pus in the uterine tube
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salping/itis
inflammation of the uterine tube
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salping/o/cele
hernia of the uterine tube
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vulv/o/vagin/itis
inflammation of the vulva and vagina
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adenomyosis
*not built from word parts
growth of endometrium into the muscular portion of the uterus
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breast cancer
malignant tumor of the breast
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cervical cancer
- malignant tumor of the cervix, which progresses from cellular dysplasia to carcinoma
- its cause is linked to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection
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endometrial cancer
also called uterine cancer
malignant tumor of the endometrium
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endometriosis
*not built from word parts
abnormal condition in which endometrial tissue grows outside of the uterus in various areas in the pelvic cavity, including ovaries uterine tubes, intestines, and uterus
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fibrocystic breast disease
a disorder characterized by one or more benign cysts in the breast
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fibroid tumor
also called myoma of the uterus, or leiomyoma
benign fibroid tumor of the uterine muscle
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ovarian cancer
malignant tumor of the ovary
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pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
- inflammation of the female pelvic organs that can be caused by many different pathogens
- if untreated, the infection may spread upward from the vagina, involving the uterus, uterine tubes, ovaries, and other pelvic organs
- an ascending infection may result in infertility, and in acute cases, fatal septicemia
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prolapsed uterus
also called hyster/o/ptosis
downward displacement of the uterus into the vagina
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toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
- a severe illness characterized by high fever, rash, vomiting, diarrhea, and myalgia (muscle pain), followed by hypotension (low blood pressure), and, in severe cases, shock and death
- usually affects menstruating women using tampons
- caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes
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vesic/o/vagin/al fistula
*not built from word parts, but can help
abnormal opening between the bladder and vagina
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cervic/ectomy
excision of the cervix
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colp/o/perine/o/rrhaphy
- suture of the vagina and perineum
- performed to mend perineal vaginal tears
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colp/o/plasty
surgical repair of the vagina
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colp/o/rraphy
suture of the vagina (vaginal wall, or wall of the vagina)
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episi/o/perine/o/plasty
surgical repair of the vulva and perineum
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episi/o/rrhaphy
suture of (a tear in) the vulva
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hymen/ectomy
excision of the hymen
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hymen/o/tomy
incision of the hymen
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hyster/ectomy
excision of the uterus
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hyster/o/pexy
surgical fixation of the uterus
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hysterosalpingo-oophorectomy
hyster/o/salping/o - oophor/ectomy
excision of the uterus, uterine tubes, and ovaries
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mamm/o/plasty
- surgical repair of the breast
- performed to enlarge or reduce in size
- or to reconstruct after removal of a tumor
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mast/ectomy
surgical removal (excision) of a breast
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mast/o/pexy
- surgical fixation of a breast
- performed to lift sagging breast tissue, or to create symmetry
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oophor/ectomy
excision of an ovary
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perine/o/rraphy
suture of (a tear in) the perineum
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salping/ectomy
excision of a uterine tube
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salpingo-oophorectomy
salping/o - oophor/ectomy
excision of a uterine tube and ovary
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salping/o/stomy
- creation of an artificial opening in a uterine tube
- performed to restore patency (the condition of being open, expanded, or unobstructed)
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vulv/ectomy
excision of the vulva
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anterior and posterior colporraphy
(A&P repair)
- surgical repair of a weakened vaginal wall
- It is done to correct a:
- cystocele (protrusion of the bladder against the anterior wall of the vagina); and a
- retrocele (protrusion of the rectum against the posterior wall of the vagina)
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conization
also called a cone biopsy
- the surgical removal of a cone-shaped area of the cervix
- used in treatment for noninvasive cervical cancer
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dilation and curretage (D & C)
(ku-re-TAHZH)
*vernacular: dusting and cleaning
- dilation (widening) of the cervix and scraping of the endometrium with an instrument called a curette.
- It is performed to:
- diagnose disease
- to correct bleeding
- and to empty uterine contents, such as tissue remaining after a miscarriage
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endometrial ablation
- procedure to destroy or remove the endometrium by use of laser or thermal energy
- used to treat abnormal uterine bleeding
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laparoscopy or laparoscopic surgery
- visual examination of the abdominal cavity
- accomplished by inserting a laparoscope through a tiny incision near the umbilicus
- it is used for surgical procedures such as tubal sterilization (closure of uterine tubes), or biopsy of the ovaries
- it may be used to diagnose endometriosis
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myomectomy
*not built from word parts
excision of a fibroid tumor (myoma) from the uterus
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sentinel lymph node biopsy
- an injection of a blue dye and/or radioactive isotope used to identify the sentinel lymph nodes(s)
- the first in the axillary chain and most likely to contain metastasis of breast cancer
- the nodes are removed and microscopically examined
- if negative, no more nodes are removed
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stereotactic breast biopsy
a technique that combines mammography and computer-assisted biopsy to obtain tissue from a breast lesion
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tubal ligation
also called tying of tubes
- closure of the uterine tubes for sterilization by tying (ligation) (The act of binding or annealing)
- the broader term 'tubal sterilization' includes cauterizing the cut ends
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uterine artery embolization (UAE)
- minimally invasive procedure used to treat fibroids of the uterus by blocking arteries that supply blood to the fibroids
- first, an arteriogram is used to identify the vessels
- once identified, tiny gelatin beads, about the size of grains of sand, are inserted into the vessels to create a blockage
- the blockage stops the blood supply to the fibroids causing them to shrink
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hyster/o/salping/o/gram
radiographic image of the uterus and uterine tubes (after an injection of a contrast agent)
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mamm/o/gram
radiographic image of the breast
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mamm/o/graphy
also called digital mammography when images are obtained electronically and viewed on a computer
radiographic imaging of th breast
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son/o/hyster/o/graphy
- process of recording the uterus by use of sound
- an ultrasound procedure
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colposcope
instrument for visual examination of the vagina (and cervix)
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colposcopy
visual examination (with a magnified view) of the vagina (and cervix)
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culd/o/scope
instrument used for visual examination of the Douglas cul-de-sac (rectouterine pouch)
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culd/o/scopy
visual examination of the Douglas cul-de-sac (rectouterine pouch)
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hyster/o/scope
instrument used for visual examination of the uterus (uterine cavity)
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hyster/o/scopy
visual examiation of the uterus (uterine cavity)
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culd/o/centesis
surgical puncture to remove fluid from Douglas cul-de-sac (rectouterine pouch)
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transvaginal sonography (TVS)
- an ultrasound procedure that uses a transducer placed in the vagina to obtain images of the ovaries, uterus, cervix, uterine tubes, and surrounding structures
- used to: diagnose masses such as ovarian cysts or tumors
- to monitor pregnancy
- and to evaluate ovulation for the treatment of infertility
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CA-125
cancer antigen-125 tumor marker
- a blood test used in the detection of ovarian cancer
- it is also used to monitor treatment and to determine the extent of the disease
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Pap smear
Papanicolaou smear
Pap test
- a cytological study of cervical and vaginal secretions
- used to determine the presence of abnormal or cancerous cells
- most commonly used to detect cancers of the cervix
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gynec/o/logist
- a physician who studies and treats diseases of women
- (female reproductive system)
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gynec/o/logy (GYN)
- study of women
- a branch of medicine dealing with diseases of the female reproductive system
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gyn/o/path/ic
pertaining to diseases of women
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leuk/o/rrhea
white discharge (from the vagina)
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mast/algia
pain in the breast
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mast/o/ptosis
sagging breast
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men/arche
(men/o + arche/o)
- beginning of menstruation
- usually occurring between the ages of 11-16
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vagin/al
pertaining to the vagina
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vulv/o/vagin/al
pertaining to the vulva and vagina
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dyspareunia
*if sex is difficult or painful then you despair (dyspare) over the union (unia)
difficult or painful intercourse
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fistula
- abnormal passageway between two organs
- or between an internal organ and the body surface
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hormone replacement therapy
(HRT)
replacement of hormones (estrogen and/or progesterone) to treat symptoms associated with menopause
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menopause
- cessation of menstruation
- usually around the ages of 48-53
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premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
- a syndrome involving physical and emotional symptoms occurring in the 10 days before menstruation
- symptoms include nervous tension, irritability, mastalgia, edema, and headache
- its cause is not fully understood
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speculum
instrument for opening a body cavity to allow visual inspection
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what is the difference between latent and patent
latent - asymptomatic
patent - open
patency - the condition of being open, expanded, or unobstructed
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