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What are the 3 layers of blood vessels, starting with the innermost?
- Tunica intima (interna)
- Tunica media
- Tunica externa (adventitia)
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What layer of blood vessel is the endothelium?
Tunica intima(interna)
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Which of the blood vessel layers is the thickest in arteries?
Tunica media
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Which of the blood vessel layers are the thickest in veins?
Tunica externa (adventitia)
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What is in the tunica media?
- Smooth muscles that allow for vasoconstriction and vasodilation
- Elastin which allows for stretch and recoil of vessels
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Which blood vessel layer are capillaries composed of?
Tunica intima (interna)
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What are the 3 types of arteries?
- Elastic (near the heart)
- Muscular
- Aterioloes
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What features do veins have that allow for one way blood flow that arteries lack?
- Venous valves (abundant in limbs)
- Muscular pumps (as muscles contact, blood flows to the heart)
- Respiratory pump (abdominal veins compressed during inhalation, pump blood back to heart)
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What factors of blood and blood vessels can increase blood pressure?
- Increased length of vessels
- Increased blood viscosity
- Decreased vessel diameter
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What factors of blood and blood vessels can decreased blood pressure?
- Decreased length of blood vessels
- Decreased blood viscosity
- Increased vessel diameter
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Describe the short term regulation of rising blood pressure in regards to neural mechanisms:
- Baroreceptors stimulate the cardioinhibitory center and inhibit the vasomotor center
- Decreased sympathetic impulses to heart cause decreased HR, decreased contractility, and decreased CO this allows for vasodilation lowering peripheral resistance
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Describe the short term regulation of a drop in blood pressure in regards to neural mechanisms:
- Baroreceptors are inhibited
- Decrease in baroreceptor impluses activated the cardioacceleratory center and stimulate vasomotor center which causes vasoconstriction
- sympathetic impulses increase HR, contractility, and CO
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What hormonal mechanisms LOWERS your blood pressure?
- Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (decrease blood volume)
- Nitric Oxide (vasodilation)
- Histamines, kinins (decrease blood volume)
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What hormonal mechanisms INCREASE you blood pressure?
- Norepinephrine/Epinephrine (vasoconstriction, increased CO)
- Antidiuretic hormone (increase blood volume)
- Aldosterone (increase blood volume)
- Angiotensin II (vasoconstriction)
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