Unit 2

• response of living tissue to injury
• its a defense reaction to protect the host

begins with injury and ends with healing

• Redness
• pain
• edema
• heat
• loss of movement

• 1.nutrition 
• 2.age
• 3.local and tissue factors- such as blood supply and foreign bodies in the wound

limited red areas and painful selling 

A. short duration: 2 days 

• B. presence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes/neutrophils
• Ex: insect bites, cuts, mild burns

• Last days or weeks 
• A. Spreads to adjacent tissues 

B. presence of lymphocytes and monocytes

• Sub-category of chronic
• A. broader range of cells present 

• B. participates in autophage
• EX: TB

• A. splinter: breach primary line of defense 
• B. Bacteria enters- produces toxins or enzymes
• C. Bacteria increases, spreading the injury 
• D. Capillaries become permeable to large and small molecules,
• WBC's - this increases redness in the area 
• permeability allows for fluid accumulation

• A. pavementing: injury to capillary lining rendering them sticky 
• WBC's attach there 

• B. Chemotaxis: direct migration of inflammatory cells to the area 
• Especially Leukocytes- phagocitic ability

• 1. Skin: prevents us from drying out and from bacteria having a free lunch 
• Tears: adaptation that is antibacterial
• 2. Respiratory: mucous acts like a trap 
• A. Cilia sweeps away debris
• B. interference by: cigars, alcohol, chronic irritation
• C. Viruses destroy effectiveness
• 3. Oral cavity and digestive tract
• A. mucous
• B. peristalsis- prevents stasis

secretion of substances which causes an increase in permeability of blood vessels, usually the capillary bed

• Histamine
• Serotonin
• Kallikreins
• prostaglandins
• Complement
• Fibrin

• Liberated from mast cells 
• A. Connective tissue cells in the area
• 1. contain histamine and heparin 

• B. Cause capillary dilation 
• 1. decrease blood pressure
• 2. Constriction of smooth muscle in bronchi and uterus

Produced in platelets, cells of brain, intestine 

A. Powerful permeability factor- in capillaries

B. Produces thermogenic response- fever 

• 80-90% produced in the brain 
• Neurotransmitter 
• Mood elevator

Family of enzymes

A. Found in urine and plasma, body tissue 

B. Large molecule- assist in blood pressure maintenance

C. Increases capillary permeability 

D. Provokes pain

E. Present at inflammatory sites 

Enzymaticly derived in tissue from polyunsaturated fatty acids

A. Not stored- rapidly synthesized and used

B. Damage to cell membranes stimulates production

• Parturition and delivery 
• Coagulation
• Inflammation
• Maintenance of blood pressure 
• 1. Cause of changes in vasomotor tone -constricting

• Over 30 complex, enzymatic serum proteins 
• Coat the antigen-antibody complex and break it apart 

• A. Serum component accompanying antigen-antibody response 
• 1. affect lysis

• Starts as fibrinogen, a protein from the liver 
• Clots- a barrier to block infection 

• As fibrinogen, its normally inactive
• A. Contributes to maintaining intravascular osmotic pressure

As capillary permeability increases, fibrinogen escapes from lumen of vessels and is converted to fibrin

• B. WBC's attach at that location 
• C. Creates barriers- clots
• D. Contains spread of infection

3 types of Myelocytes- Large cells with granules and lobulated nucleus

• 1. Eosinophils
• 2. Basophils
• 3. Neutrophils

1-3% of WBC's

• A. Stain red
• B. increase with allergy
• C. Increase with parasitic infection

1% or less of WBC's

• A. stain blue 
• B. Decrease in severe allergy

Polymorphonuclear leukocyte with 3-5 lobes of nucleus 

A. Stain dark blue

B. Engage in phagocytosis and proteolyisis 

C. 4-6 day life span 

D. Enter blood stream from marrow at a rate of 5000 - 6000/mm³

E. If number ↓ below 1000/mm³ Pt. has risk of infection 


F. If number ↓ below 100/mm³ 70% will develop infection with a mortality rate of 70%

Absence of Neutrophils for 3 hours increases infectivity of tissue by 100,000x

A. Abnormal neutrophils result in prolonged and multiple infections 

B. Lazy Leukocytes- Non-responsive

C. Giant granules- interfere with function 

D. Failure to produce digestive enzymes