Psychology 2000 Ch.4

The awareness of complex private processes such as perception, thinking, and remembering

Your thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear and organized

Thoughts may be fuzzy and disorganized, taking bizarre turns you may feel more or less alert

• o Divided consciousness: One part of consciousness doing one thing and another doing something else Ex.) part was paying attention to drive and another was thinking of something else
• Daydreaming: No attention paid
• Sleep: One of our biological rhythms
• Hypnosis
• Meditation
• Drugs

• Biological rhythms
• Infradian: Occur over a period of time greater than 24 hours
• Untradian: Occur more than once in a 24 hour cycle. Most are confined to either day or night
• Circadian: Variation occurs in roughly a 24 hour period

• Microsleeps: Brief periods of sleep lasting for a matter of seconds
• Sleep Deprivation: Trembling hands, inattention, staring off into space, droopy eyelids, general discomfort, depression, irritability

REM sleep gets smaller as a person ages

• Restorative Theory of Sleep: We sleep for health reasons
• The Adaptive Theory of Sleep: Sleep is a product of evolution

• Internal clock
• Monitors the amount of light coming into eyes

• Melatonin: Released by the body when there is low light
• Serotonin: Sleep hormone produced by the body
• Body temperature

• Stage 1: Light sleep,Hypnogogic images or hallucinations, Hypnic jerk
• Stage 2: Sleep Spindles, K-complex
• Stage 3: More delta waves
• Stage 4: Most delta waves
• Final stage: After stage 4, a person experiences stage3 and 2 again and then REM sleep, Dreams, REM paralysis

• Beta: awake
• alpha: beginning to fall asleep
• theta: falling more into sleep
• delta: actually falling asleep

• Dreams
• REM paralysis
• REM rebound 
• Different types of brain waves

• A period of discomfort an inefficiency while your internal clock is out of phase with your new surroundings
• Individual differences in adjustment speed
• Generally easier to adjust

• Freudian Theory: Manifest content and Latent content
• Activation-synthesis hypothesis
• Lucid dreaming: Ability to control your dreams

• The hypnotist tells the person to focus on what is being said
• The person is told to relax and feel tired
• The hypnotist tells the person to let go and accept suggestions easily
• The person is told to use vivid imagination

• Hypnosis as dissociation: Hypnosis only works on the immediate conscious mind. A part of the mind is still aware of what is going on.
• Social cognitive theory: People who are hypnotized are merely playing their expected role eve if they do not know

A method of including a calm, relaxed state through the use of special techniques

• Drugs that alter thinking, perception, and memory
• Stimulants
• Depressants
• Opiates
• Hallucinogens

• Tolerance: More and more of the drug is needed to achieve the same effect
• Withdrawal: Physical symptoms that can include nausea, pain tremors, crankiness, and high blood pressure, resulting from a lack of an addictive drug in the body systems

The feeling that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being

Addiction is the continued use of a mood altering substance or behavior despite adverse consequences

• Amphetamines: Drugs that are synthesized (made in labs) rather than found in nature
• Cocaine: Natural drug; produces euphoria, energy, power, and pleasure
• Nicotine: Active ingredient in tobaccoo
• Caffeine: The stimulant found in coffee, tea, most sodas. Chocolate, and even may over-the-counter drugs

• Drugs that decrease the functioning of the nervous system
• Barbiturates: Depressant drugs that have a sedative effect
• Benzodiazepines: Drugs that lower anxiety and reduce stress
• Rohypnol: The “date rape” drug
• Alcohol: The chemical resulting from fermentation or distillation of various types of vegetable matter. Often taken for a stimulant, alcohol is actually a depressant on the CNS

• Narcotics: Suppress the sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous system’s natural receptor sites for endorphins
• Opium: Substance derived rom the opium poppy from which all narcotic drugs are derived
• Morphine: Narcotic drug derived from opium; used to treat severe pain
• Heroin: Narcotic drug derived from opium that is extremely addictive

• Drugs that cause false sensory messages, altering the perception of reality
• Psychogenic drugs: Produce hallucinations or increased feelings of relaxation and intoxication
• LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide): Synthetic
• PCP (Angle Dust): Synthesized drug; used as an animal tranquillizer. Can cause stimulant, depressant, narcotic, or hallucinogenic effects
• MDMA (Ecstasy or X): Can have both stimulant and hallucinatory effects
• Mescaline: Natural hallucinogen derived from peyote cactus buttons
• Psilocybin: Natural hallucinogen found in certain mushrooms
• Marijuana (pot or weed): Mild hallucinogen derived from the leaves and flowers of a particular type of hemp plant. Cannabis is reported to relieve pain in cases of multiple sclerosis and chronic pain from nerve damage