-
Prokaryotic Cells are...
Simplest of the cells; they have no nucleus and few organelles. Most of these cells have a peptidoglycan cell wall.
-
Eukaryotic Cells are...
complex cells containing organelles. There are 2 types:
Animal cells: No cell wall and pact with organelles
Plant cells: contain a cell wall made of cellulose.
-
The Three Basic Components of All Cells:
- Plasma or Cell Membrane:
- The membrane seperates the cell's internal environment from its external environment
- Nucleus(Nucleoid Area in Bacteria)
- Contains DNA
- Cytoplasm:
- Thick fluid; found inside cells but outside nucleus and dissolves chemicals within the cell and allows reactions to occur.
-
Organelles
specialized structures that have specific functions in a cell.
-
The Nucleus...
spherical or oval structure and largest structure in the cell
-
Functions of the Nucleus
1. central role in cellular reproduction
2. Plays a part in determining the sort of differentiation a cell will undergo and the form it will take.
3. controls the cells activity by directing protein synthesis
-
Nuclear envelope...
is a double membrane that controls the flow of materials into and out of the nucleus.
-
Nucleoplasm
gelatinous fluid within the nuclear envelope.
-
Nucleolus or Nucleoli
a structure in the nucleus where rRNA is synthesized.
-
Chromosomes
Rod-like bodies visible when the cell is undergoing division. They are composed of DNA and protein.
-
Endoplasmic Reticulum
a network in the cytoplasm of flattened sacs and tubules.
-
Smooth ER
- -lacks ribosomes
- -synthesis of lipids, phospholipids, and sterols
- -process drugs and alcohol
-
Rough ER
- -has ribosomes that cover the outer surface
- -make more membranes
- -associated with protein synthesis
-
Ribosomes are...
- -attached to the surface of ER and nuclear envelope
- -found free in the cytoplasm
- -found in mitochondria and chloroplast
-
Function of Ribosomes
Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export. They interact with mRNA to build a protein
-
The Golgi Complex
Sometimes connected to the ER, is a system of sacs/vesicles arranged parallel to each other.
-
Functions of the Golgi Complex
1. Package and secrete proteins and lipids
2. Modify substances
3. Synthesize polysaccharides and combine these carbohydrates with proteins and lipids
-
Mitochondria
Spherical or rod-shaped organelles which have a double membrane. The outer membrane is smooth and the inner wall has inward folds.
-
Cristae
increase the membranes surface area so it can produce more ATP
-
Function of the Mitochondria
They carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells, converting chemical energy from sugars in to chemical energy (ATP)
-
Lysosomes
a single membrane enclosed sac formed from the golgi complex.
-
Function of Lysosomes
-Contain digestive enzymes that can break down molecules and bacteria.
-Foods w/food vacuoles and digest it and nutrients are released into cell fluid.
-
Centrioles and Function
Cylindrical structures located just outside the nucleus. They play role in eukaryotic cell division
-
Microtubules and Functions
- Long hollow cylindrical structures that...
- -Guide movement of materials in the cell
- - support (cytoskeleton)
-
Microfilaments
Thin or thick filaments arranged in a twisted double chain which are associated with movement ex. muscle cell contraction
-
Intermediate Filaments
Fibers made polypeptides; help strengthen the cytoskeleton and anchor certain organelles
-
Cilia
short hairlike structures that protrude from the membrane of certain cells. They serve to move substances.
-
Flagellum
long hairlike appendage that has a locomotor function.
-
Microvilli
Small finger shaped projections of the cell membrane; increase surface area for absorption
-
Proteosomes
Contain protein-digesting enzymes; remove and recycle damaged or denatured proteins
-
Vacuole
Help in the general maintenance of the cell. They serve to contain water, vital chemicals for metabolism, pigments, or poisons
-
Chloroplasts
structures that perform photosynthesis. Chloroplasts have a double membrane system.
-
Grana
stack of thylakoid sacs, they are the chloroplast's solar power packs where chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy
-
Stroma
fluid outside the compartment that contains chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes.
|
|