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Ploidy of gametophyte and sporophyte
- Gametohpyte: haploid
- Sporophyte: diploid
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Characteristics of extant vascular plants
- vascular tissue: xylem and phloem
- multicelullar roots and leaves
- sphorophyte dominant
- have sphorophylls
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Xlyem
- vascular tissue
- -hollow
- -dead
- -for strength
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Phloem
- Vascular tissue
- transport nutrients
- living
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what is the dominant life cycle in vascular plants?
- sphorophyte dominant
- not nutritionally dependent on gametophyte
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What is the function of sporophylls in vascular plants?
they are modified leaves that hold sporangia
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What is the function of sporangia?
They are the spore producing organ in vascular plants.
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What two structures allowed terrestrial adaptation in vascular plants?
sporangia and sporopollenin walls.
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What type of spore production do seed plants undergo?
Heterosporous spore production. Mega and micro spores are produced forming the male and female gametes.
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What type of spore production do seedless vascular plants undergo?
Homosporous reproduction. One type of gametophyte.
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What phylum are quill worts, club mosses, and spike mosses in?
phylum Lycophyta
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What phylum are ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns in?
Phylum Pterophyta
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What are the characteristics of seedless vascular plants?
- sporophyte dominant (same as vascular)
- need water to reproduce
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How are seedless vascular plants fertilized?
Water is required for fertilization in order for the sperm to swim and reach the egg. Therefore they can only inhabit damp environments.
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True Ferns
- Megaphylls
- seedless vascular plant
- produced clustered sporangia
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Sporangia in Ferns
- Crow in clusters on underside of leaves (called sori).
- catapulted from parent plants or are carried by wind
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What phylums contributed to the coal we use today?
Lycophyta and Pterophyta. formed during carboniferous period.
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What is the most species rich gymnosperm?
Coniferophyta
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Describe Coniferophyta.
- conifer
- cold dry habitats
- gymnosperm
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Describe Ginkgophyta
- all associated with human habitation
- often chosen for street trees
- gynosperm
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Describe Cycadeophyta
- large cones and palm like leaves
- gymnosperm
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Describe Gnetophyta
- don't resemble conifers
- tropical or live in deserts
- gymnosperm
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Gymnosperm vs. Angiopserm
- G-naked seed (like on pine cones)
- A-container/vessel (seeds are within fruit)
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Gymnosperms
- have a relatively "naked" seed
- ovule and seed develop on surface of sporophylls (usually in cones)
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What are the four phyla of Gymnosperm?
- 1. Ginkgophyta
- 2. Gnetophyta
- 3. Cycadophyta
- 4. Coniferophyta
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Where are the Sporangia located on Gynosperms?
located on the scale like leaves (sporophylls) in clusters, making up the cones
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What type of sporangia are on a full grown tree (gymnosperms)
mega and micro on different branches
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What is the purpose of a pollen grain?
To carry the sperm to the ovule, better system than non seed plants who require humid environments.
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Define a seed
an embryo wrapped in nutrients for protection
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Where is the Megaspore produced (1n)
inside the megasporangium (2n)
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What makes up the ovule?
integuments, megasporangium and megaspore
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Where is the microspore (1n) produced?
inside the microsporangium (2n)
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What is the purpose of sporopollenin?
coats pollen grains to protect them (drying, UV etc)
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What is dominant and dependent in seed plants?
sporophytes are dominant and gametopythes are dependent.
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What is dominant in Bryophytes?
gametophyte dominant
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What is dominant in seedless vascular plants?
sporophytes are dominant and gametophytes are independent
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List the five innovations of seed plants
- 1. dependent gametophyte (protected)
- 2. Heterospory
- 3. Ovules
- 4. Pollen
- 5. Seeds
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