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The need for temperature regulation affects many__?
a: behaviors
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Homostasis is what?
regulation of an internal environment that keeps conditions such as temperature and acidity (ph) relatively constant.
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If the range that is required for a given variable is narrow e.g., temperature- it is referred to as a __?
a: set point = single value that the body works to acheive
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Ca++ most abundant mineral in the body- important for __?, muscle contraction, electrical activity of the heart.
a: ?
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If CA++ in blood is low, it will be released from __? -risk factor for osteoporosis & if too high, will be stored __ or __?
a: bone c: bone or excreted
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99% of CA++ is stored in?
bones
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Ions, O2, glucose, etc are all kept within a tight range of __?
concentrations
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many of the processes are controlled with a negative __? which makes a system ___? and increases homeostasis
a: feedback-loop b: self-regulating
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Control center- brain, receives a signal from a sensing component that monitors and responds to changes in the ___ to ___ the deviation?
a:internal environment, e.g., low Ca++
b: "fix"
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If the control center decreases the amount of the variable = ___? and if increases = __?
a: negative-feedback b: positive feedback
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Theyroid hormone is released from the thyroid when the thyroid is stimulated by__?
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
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When TSH is high (here, Thyroid hormone is the sensing component) it signals the brain(__)? to stop releasing__? so that the thyroid levels__?
a: hypothalamus b:TSH c: fall
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Homeostatic processes in animals trigger ___ and behavioral activities that keep certain ___ in that set range?
a: physiological b: variables
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Allostasis- is the processes of__?
a: achieving homeostasis,process of achieving stability an ongoing effort to maintain homeostasis
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98.6 degrees Fahrenheit- = normal body temp. but many things such as ___? can alter one's temperature.
a: clothing, emotions, room temp, humidity, meds, and physical activity
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Fever temperature is usually over __ in adults?
99-99.5
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Basal Metabolism = the energy used to maintain a constant __? and requires huge amounts of _?
a: body temperature b: energy(calories)
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Poikilothermic creatures such as amphibians and reptiles (most fish) match their body temps to their___? and are not..?
a: environment b: putting their energy into temp regulation
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Poikilothermic animals use ___ methods to try and maintain a steady body temp.
behavioral
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HOMEOTHERMIC- mammals and birds- use ___? that require alot of ___ to maintain more exact body temps.
a: Physiological mechanisms b: energy
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Animals generate heat in proportion to ____ but radiate heat in proportion to __?
a: total mass b: surface area
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Homeothermic- if air is warmer than body temp, only one physiological mechanism for cooling evaporation is___?
a: sweat- evaporation cools body, doesn't work well in humidity.
** too much sweat = dehydration- risk overheating
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Mechanisms to increase temp in cold environment are _?
shivering, decreased blood flow to skin, fluff fur to increase insulation
** behavioral mechanisms: = clothes, huddle, increased activity
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Pros of being Homeothermic?
- -allows animal to keep muscles warm at all times and therefore ready to move quickly
- -reptiles preferred temp = 37c-98.6F
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Why don't we want to be hotter than 98.6F?
Enzymes work only within specific temp range
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Area of brain responsible for temperature regulation =
Anterior area of Hypothalamus
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(POA/AH) stands for?
Pre-optic area/Anterior hypothalamus
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Anterior Hypothalamus- detects temperature and primary area to fix ___?
a: temperature-physiologica mechanisms for heating or cooling- sweating, panting, shivering, decreased blood flow to skin, distal extremities
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The Anterior Hypothalamus monitors body temp by monitoring its ___?
a: own temp
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So if an experimenter warms an animal's Anterior Hyp., with the animal in a cold room,it will still ??
sweat or pant
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if one destroys the A-hypo., one has only behavioral mechanisms to maintain body temp e.g., blankets, ice baths, etc.. but no ___?
physiological mechanism
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what is normal humans body temperature between range?
97.7-99.5 F
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Fever- there is a group of bacteria and viruses that grow really well at what temp?
98.6
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With infection, WBC's are mobilized and release proteins(cytokines) that are___?
signaling molecules
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Cytokines set a series of reactions that end up with hypothalamus being stimulated and__?
increasing the bodies temp-increasing the SET POINT
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Certain types of bacteria grow less well in higher temps. Low fever improves immune but over about 102-103 degrees ___?
harm outweighs the good
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Thirst- H2O makes up about 70% of human body and because solutes in the H2O need to be kept within a narrow concentration range of __?
water must be regulated closely
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CAMELS- have a series of physiological adaptations to go without water for long time
*200 L in 3 mins, can lose a 1/4 of their body water and still survive
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2 types of thirst?
Osmotic and Hypovelemic
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Osmotic thirst?
- solute concentration in the plasma is too high
- * e.g, you eat too much salt and feel thirsty
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Osmotic pressure- if solutes too high, the fluid part of the body will be ?
pulled out from the cells
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Solutes don't travel freely through ____ but water channels are mostly oen so ___ can travel?
Cell membranes
b:H2O
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Vasopressin- aka
Antidiuretic hormone- (ADH)
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Vasopressin- 2 functions: make kidneys hold water- antidiuretic hormone and ?
Constrict blood vessels which increases blood pressure- Vasopressin
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vasopressin is released from the ___ gland when the body is dehydrated?
pituitary
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vasopressin is a hormone and travels to the __ where it causes the kidneys to ___ more concentrated urine holding to water.
kidneys b: secrete
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Vasopressin is released from the P-gland in response to lower___ ? or increase solute concentrations(osmolarity) in the blood
blood volume
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Vasopressin has osmoreceptors near the 3rd ventricle that ___ concentration in the blood.
info is then sent to the hypo-T which causes__?
detect the solute
b: release or (inhibits) release of vasopressin
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these osmoreceptors also send info to the area near the ___?
hypothalamus -lateral preoptic area
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Alcohol blocks vasopressin release- so urine is less __?
concentrated
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Hypovolemic thirst- is related to loss of blood volume, hemorrhage/bleeding, ___?
and need to ___?
diarrhea, and sweating
b: replace H2O and solutes
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An animal with Osmotic thirst needs water.
An animal with HYPOvolemic thirst wants water and ___?
a:solutes *the craving for salty tastes is "Na+specific hunger"
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If offered both salt and water, animlas are good at __?
taking the appropriate mix
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Digestion chewing of food. saliva contains enzymes to help breakdown protein.
1-2hrs in small intestine. 95% nutrients absorbed.
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large intestine absorbs what?
water minerals back into bloodstream- then eliminated through rectum
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Tryptophan = an amino acid found in?
rich protein foods- precurser for seratonin which is a precurser for melatonin
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carbs release insulin, which stimulates the uptake of ___ and specific amino acids into the cells but very little tryptofan so more of it stays in the ___?
a: glucose b: blood stream
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More tryptophan means more __?
seratonin
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Brain gets info from the ?
mouth, stomach, intestines, fat cells and other areas to regulate eating
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Can you be satiated without tasting food?
yes: being fed through tube, but found the meals unsatisfying.
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although the chewing helps with feelings of satisfied with a meal, oral factors aren't enough to?
to feel full
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Main signal to end a meal is?
stomach digestion.
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expiremnt- inflated a cuff between stomach and duodenum and found that when they blocked the stomach..?
animals ate normal sized meal and then stopped
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vagus nerve = part of the parasympathetic ns which supplies the internal organs about
- 20% efferent fibers-away and also conveys sensory info back to the brain about the state of internal organs about 80% afferent fibers-in.
- Conveys info regarding stretching of stomach wals
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People who have had to their stomachs removed and have food directly entering the duodenum report?
satiety- = complete satisfaction
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So meals end after distention-stretching- of either stomach or ?
duodenum- which aborbs a significant % of nutrients
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Duodenum releases hormones that?
- stimulate the vagus relaying info to delay next meal.
- 2: constricts sphincter between stomach & duodenum causing stomach to stretch and this stimulates the vagus nerve
- 3: signal the hypothalamus that there is food in the duodenum resulting in decreased hunger.
- 4: these hormones have short-term term effect
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2 hormones produced by Pancreas are?
insulin and glucagon
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insulin enables glucose to _?
enter cells
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Glucagon causes liver to __?
release glucose from its storage unit, glycogen.
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in fall mammals put weight more so for the ones that hibernate. Insulin release causes glucose to enter cells so...?
blood glucose decreases BUT insulin continues to be excreted by pancreas.
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High prolonged insulin levels cause?
hunger and mammals continue to eat and makes glycogen and fat
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low insulin or prolonged high insulin levels do what __?
increase hunger
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