A&P Quiz 5

• Shortens and tenses the vocal folds
• Part of the Vocal fold that vibrates
• Originates at the thyroid notch 
• Inserts into vocal process of arytenoids

• Doesn't vibrate
• Originates just below thyroid notch 
• Inserts into muscular process of arytenoids 
• Adducts and shortens the vocal folds

• Space between the vocal folds
• When vocal folds close the glottal opening does as well
• space changes bases on the size of the breath

• Epithelium 
• Lamina Propria (Superficial, Intermediate, Deep)
• Vocalis Muscle
• *Intermediate and Deep makes

• Outer layer of vocal folds
• Gives vocal folds glistening white appearance

• Composed of three layers, Superficial, Intermediate, and Deep
• The Layers provide a loose connection between epithelium and vocalis muscle
• Intermediate and Deep layers compose the vocal ligament

• Set Epithelium and Lamina Propria into motion 
• Vibrates more or less independently of the vocalis muscle because they are only loosely attached
• Vibrate like a wave (think shaking out a sheet)

• Space above the glottis 
• Also known as the laryngeal cavity 
• Where air stream from the larynx enters the throat

• Originates at the front of the cricoid 
• Inserts into the lower boarder of the thyroid
• Pulls cricoid and thyroid together when contracted
• Causes vocal fold to lengthen and tense; higher pitch

Oblique and Transverse Arytenoids

• Criss-cross pair of muscles
• originate at muscular process of one arytenoid Insert into the apex of opposite arytenoid
• When contracted, pulls apexes together

• One muscle 
• Extends horizontally across the back of the arytenoids 
• When contracted, pull arytenoids closer together

• Aryepiglottic Muscles 
• Thyroepiglottic Muscles

• Originates at arytenoids 
• Inserts into epiglottis 
• Pulls epiglottis down when contracted (during swallowing)

• Originates at epiglottis 
• Inserts into thyroid
• Pulls epiglottis up when contracted

• Above true vocal folds
• Also known as Ventricular Vocal Folds
• Thick Mucus membranes 
• Very soft structures used for protection

• Space between the true and false Vocal folds 
• Allows room for Vocal folds to vibrate
• Has mucus glands that lubricate the vocal folds

• Expelling foreign objects (Coughing, Clearing Throat, etc)
• Trunk Stability

Vocal folds open very wide

• Arytenoids don't come together in the back and leave an open triangular space 
• Allows air to flow through without vibrating the vocal folds
• Whispering uses more air and give less control
• *Alcohol impairs ability to hold breath

• Vocal Attack
• Sustained Phonation
• Termination of Phonation

• Simultaneous: vocal folds close at the same time air pressure is adequate to start phonation; most effiecient 
• Breathy: airflow starts before vocal folds are closed and adequate air pressure is produced
• Glottal: vocal folds close before air pressure is ready so extra pressure builds up underneath (coughing)

Vocal folds held in a fixed position to sustain phonation

Abduct the vocal folds

Differences in mode of vibration of the vocal folds

Changes Vocal Folds undergo during one cycle of vibration

• Modal Register (Chest Register): Used during daily conversation; most efficient register
• Glottal Fry (Vocal Fry/Pulse Register): low frequency register; weak and low pitched voice; sick voice; vocal folds vibrate slower and differently
• Falsetto: high register; Vocal fold longer, thinner, and more tense

• Frequency of the vocal fold vibration
• Varies among speakers
• Psychological correlate of Fundamental Frequency
• What we perceive
• Based on opinion

Most appropriate pitch for individual to use on a daily basis; most efficient for the vocal folds

How often a cycle of vibration occurs

• Primary frequencey of the vocal folds 
• Physical correlate of pitch
• Can be measured 
• Changes in FF changes perception of pitch

Pitch that an individual uses everyday

• Range of Fundamental Frequency for an individual 
• Difference between the lowest and highest frequency 
• Most people have a 2 octave range 
• One octave is 2x the Hertz
• Hertz: 1 cycle of sound waves per sec

• Loudness is the psychological correlate of intensity 
• Intensity: the energy of the vibrations (can be measured)
• To increase intensity, Increase subglottal pressure (close VF tightly)
• The higher the air pressure, the greater the volume of air that escapes at the greater speed

• Breathiness
• Harshness 
• Hoarseness

• Vocal folds closed just enough to set into vibration 
• Only front of the vocal folds vibrate, back stays open
• Size of the opening in the back determines how breathy the sound is

Vocal folds vibrate with irregularity

• Combination of breathiness and harshness 
• Irregularity when vocal folds vibrate that cause air to leak through 
• Typical of swollen/irritated vocal folds

Harsh sounds produced during respiration

When vocal folds abstract airway on inhalation

• Single vibration of the vocal folds
• Vocal folds vibrate several hundred times a second
• Opening Phase: subglottal pressure overpowers vocal folds just enough to blow open
• Closing Phase: subglottal pressure decreases and vocal folds regain power
• Closed Phase: vocal folds close and subglottal pressure begins to rebuild
• Wave for is  periodic (always goes the same way)
• Period: time it takes to complete 1 glottal cycle

Changes that the vocal folds undergo during 1 glottal cycle

• Vocal folds open and close from inferior to superior 
• Vocal folds move in a wave like fashion 
• *side view cut away

• Vocal Folds open from back to front 
• Vocal Folds close from front to back 
• *Looking straight down

• Given a constant flowing volume, at a point of constriction pressure decreases and velocity increases
• *example; river rapids, 6 lane highway moving to 2