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What modalities are carried by the cranial nerves?
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What in the anterior pole of the forebrain?
Front part of the brain (frontal lobe)
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What is the posterior part of the forebrain?
Back part of the brain
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The superior and inferior surfaces of the forebrain can also be called (ventral and dorsal...which is which)?
- superior = dorsal
- inferior = ventral
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What structures make up the forebrain?
- telencephalon = cerebral hemispheres
- AND
- diencephalon = thalamus + hypothalamus + subthalamus
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What are the components of the brainstem?
midbrain + pons + medulla
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Name major sulci (2), fissues (3) & gyri (2)
 - You also have:
- - Calcarine fissure - on the medial surface of occipital lobe
- - Parieto-occipital sulcus - on medial surface separating parietal and occipital lobes
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What is the limbic lobe?
On the medial aspect of the brain - surrounds the ventricular system. It is involved in regulation of emotion and memory.
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What can you see on the anterior surface of the midbrain?
- cerebral peduncles (interpeduncular fossa between them)
- - mamillary bodies
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What can you see on the posterior surface of the midbrain?
- superior & inferior colliculus
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What can you see on the anterior surface of the pons?
- NOTHING! just basilar pons
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What can you see on the posterior surface of the pons?
- cerebellar peduncles (superior, middle, inferior)
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What can you see on the anterior surface of the medulla?
- - pyramids
- - decussation of the pyramids
- - olives
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What can you see on the posterior surface of the medulla?
- dorsal columns (fasciculus cuneatus and gracilus)
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Identify on the anterior brainstem
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Identify on the posterior brainstem
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What is in gray matter?
Neuron cell bodies
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What is in white matter? Where is it in the brain vs the spinal cord?
- Myelinated axons of neurons
- - white is deep in the brain and superficial in the spinal cord
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What are the 3 types of fibre tracts in the CNS?
- 1. Association - connect areas on the same side of the brain
- 2. Commissural - connect same area on the R & L brain
- 3. Projection - connect higher & lower centers (i.e. brain to spinal cord and vice versa)
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Identify the internal capsule
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Identify the corpus callosum
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What are the structures of the diencephalon & what are their individual functions?
- Thalamus - organizing sensory information
- Hypothalamus - endocrine system, thermoregulation
- Pituitary - endocrine system
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What structures are part of the basal ganglia?
- - striatum (caudate nucleus + putamen)
- - globus pallidus
- - substantia nigra
- - nucleus accumbens
- - subthalamic nucleus
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What makes up the limbic system?
- Parts of the telencephalon, diencephalon, and mesencephalon including:
- olfactory bulbs, hippocampus, amygdala, anterior thalamic nuclei, fornix, columns of fornix, mammillary body, septum pellucidum, habenular commissure, cingulate gyrus, Parahippocampal gyrus, limbic cortex, and limbic midbrain areas
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Identify thalamus & hypothalamus
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Identify nuclei of basal ganglia
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Name 3 meningeal layers & characteristics of each?
- Dura - tough, thickest (2 layers - peiosteal & meningeal)
- Arachnoid - middle, wispy layer which is tight to dura. Connected to pia via arachnoid trabeculae.
- Pia - innermost fine layer, directly adhered to brain (follows gyri and sulci)
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Name 2 dural reflections?
- 1. Falx cerebri - separates R & L cerebral hemispheres
- 2. Tentorium cerebelli - separates cerebrum from cerebellum
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Meningeal layers (identify)
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What is an epidural hematoma?
- bleeding on top of the dura, usually from the middle meningeal artery
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What is a subdural hematoma?
- bleeding between the dura and arachnoid, usually from tearing of bridging vein
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What is a subarachnoid bleed?
- bleeding in subarachnoid space, usually from cerebral blood vessels
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What causes congenital hydrocephalus?
- build-up of CSF in the brain
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