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name some normal flora locations
- anything in a mucous membrane
- eye
- outer ear
- nose
- mouth
- stomach
- small and large intestines
- vagina
- urethra
- skin
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name some locations where it is sterile (no normal flora)
- brain
- bloodstream
- anything inside, in body cavity
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what are some predisposing factors?
- short urethra in female
- inherited traits
- climate and weather
- fatigue
- age
- lifestyle (smoking, etc)
- chemotherapy
- diabetes
- cancer patient
- physical and mental stress
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What is the "lethal dose"?
how much toxin it takes to kill 50% of population (LD50)
-
What is the "infective dose"?
minimum number of microbes required for infection to proceed (ID50)
-
What is needed for an infection to occur?
- infectious dose
- portal of entry
- way of invasion, passing through
- must invade host defense barrier (surrounds sterile compartment)
- portal of exit (to go and spread to other hosts)
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what is the source of an exotoxin?
mostly gram +
-
exotoxins are products of what?
by-products of growing cell
-
what are exotoxins made of?
proteins
-
do exotoxins cause fever?
no
-
can exotoxins be neutralized by antitoxin?
yes
-
what is the LD50 of an exotoxin?
small
-
what is the source of an endotoxin?
mostly gram -
-
endotoxins - metabolic product
present in LPS of outer membrane
-
what are endotoxins made of?
lipid
-
do endotoxins cause fever?
yes
-
can endotoxins be neutralized by antitoxin?
no
-
what is the LD50 of an endotoxin?
relatively large
-
what does LD50 mean?
lethal dose, amount it takes to kill 50% of population (test area)
-
what are some mechanisms of adhesion for bacteria?
- fimbrae, flagella
- cilia, suckers, hooks, barbs
- hydrophilic (nonspecific)
- van der Waals forces
- adhesion proteins (specific)
- host cell receptor sites
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