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The study of essential macromolecules including DNA, RNA, and proteins
Molecular biology
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The first living systems were based on _____.
RNA
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RNA is _____ and _____ than DNA.
More reactive; less stable
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Did LUCA have the same genetic code that we use today?
Yes
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LUCA had _____ as genetic material.
RNA
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Eukaryotes are more closely related to _____.
Archaea
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Charles Darwin
Natural selection and evolution
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Natural selection depends on...
Population variation, competition
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Mechanism if evolutionary change when traits are passed from parents to offspring; new species evolve from pre-existing species.
Vertical descent
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Mechanism of evolution when traits are passed between species.
Horizontal gene transfer
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Three mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer...
Conjugation, transformation, transduction
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Antibiotic resistant bacteria are a product of...
Horizontal gene transfer
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Provides a reasonable explanation for observations.
Hypothesis
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Provides and explanation for a large number of experiments.
Scientific theory
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Deals with transmission of traits from one generation to another.
Transmission genetics
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Mendel proposed the...
Particulate mechanism of inheritance
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Equal and independent segregation of alleles occurs during formation of gamete cells
Law of segregation
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Different genes assort into gametes independently of each other.
Law of independent assortment
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When heterozygotes look different from either homozygous, they are expressing _____.
Incomplete dominance
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When both genes are fully expressed in a heterozygote, they are expressing ____.
Codominance
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When two genes are located on the same chromosome, they are ____.
Linked
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Sister chromatids are only present after.....
S phase of mitosis
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Mitosis separates _____, therefore....
Sister chromatids; chromosome number is the same at the end
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Meiosis I separates _____, and meiosis II separates _____, therefore...
Homologous chromosomes; sister chromatids; chromosome number is halved.
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Physical location of a gene on a chromosome.
Locus
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_________ during meiosis I leads to the independent assortment of alleles found on different chromosomes.
Random alignment of chromosome pairs
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Walter sutton
Chromosomal theory of inheritance
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Thomas Hunt Morgan
Drosophila; sex-linked eye color proved genes were on chromosomes
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Bridges
Demonstrated that rare genetic abnormalities were linked to abnormal chromosomes (nondisjunction)
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If two genes are linked, F2 generation of a test cross will...
Produce only two parental phenotypes
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Bateson and Punnet
Unexpected F2 with recombinant types having greatly decreased numbers (linked genes)
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Recombinants are a result of ______.
Crossing over
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Crossing over occurs between _____ at _____.
Sister chromatids; chiasmata
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Fredrick Griffith
Streptococcus pneumoniae; mice; bacterial transformations
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Avery, McCloud, McCarty
Used purification methods to reveal that DNA is the genetic material; with DNase, no transformation
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Hershey and Chase
T2 phage infects E. coli; labeled DNA and protein and DNA was inserted into the bacteria to infect
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Beadle and Tatum
Neurospora crassa; irradiated then looked for auxotrophs
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Mutants that require extra nutrients that wouldn't normally be required in the wild types
Auxotrophs
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Crick
Proposed the central dogma
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Synthesis of RNA by reading one strand of the double stranded DNA
Transcription
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Small RNA molecules with amino acids attached; Crick's adaptor molecule
tRNA
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The process of producing a protein product from an mRNA molecule
Translation
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The phosphate of a nucleotide is located ____.
5'
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The base of a nucleotide is located ____.
1'
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Nucleosides lack a ____.
Phosphate
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Bases are linked to sugars by _____.
Glycosidic bonds
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Nucleotides are linked together to form nucleic acids by _____.
Phosphodiester bonds
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The sugar a phosphate parts of DNA molecule.
Backbone
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The backbone is hydro___.
Philic
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Chargaff
A pairs with T and G pairs with C
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