helps narrow criminal investigations to suspects who possess certain behavioral and personality features that were revealed by the way the crime was committed
criminal profiling
profiling does not identify a specific suspect, it offers a ____ psychological description of the most likely type of suspect
general
criminal profiling is considered most helpful in crimes in which the offender has demonstrated some form of ____ behavior with unusual suspects
repetitive
criminal profilers must have experience as a criminal _____
investigator
a key to criminal profiling research is by interviewing those who have committed a ____ type of offense in order to learn their ____
specific; tendencies
historically, homicides were committed by killers who were ___ _____ with their victims, had a personal but ____ motive, killed once, and were then arrested
well acquainted, rational
because mass murders are relatively rare, they are virtually impossible to _____
predict
two types of homicides:
-mass murders
-serial murders
kills four or more victims in one location during a period of time that lasts anywhere from a few minutes to several hours
mass murders
although most mass murderers are not severally mentally ill, they do tend to harbor strong feelings of ____ and are often motivated by ______
resentment; revenge
special form of mass murderers in which the attacker kills victims at two or more different locations with no cooling off interval between murders. the killings constitute as a single event
spree killers
_____ murderers kills four or more victims, each on separate occasions. they usually contain a certain type of victim who fulfills a role in the killers fantasies
serial
most serial offenders victims are ____ females who were strangers to the killers
white
most serial murders are _____ motivated
sexually
serial killers tend to select _____ victims in order to gratify their need to ____ people
vulnerable; control
serial killers are not typically psychotic individuals, but they do tend to have ______ disorders with deficits in their capacities to experience _____ and remorse
collecting all information available about the crime. the profiler does not want to be told about possible suspects at this stage, because such data might prejudice the profile
1) profiling inputs
organizes the input into meaningful questions and patterns
2) decision process models
reconstructing the behavior of the offender and the victim
3) crime assessment
profilers formulate an initial description of the most likely suspects. profilers check their predictions against stage two information to make sure that the profile fits the original data
4) criminal profile
a written report is given to investigators, who concentrate on suspects matching the profile
5) investigation
intended result of these procedures, arrest of a suspect, allows profilers to evaluate the validity of their predictions
apprehension
are criminal profiles valid? crime scenes can be classified with reasonable reliability, differences in crimes do correlate with certain offender _______
characteristics
in determining if someone is lying , people are only right ___ % of the time
54
people are biased toward judging statements as being truthful. We tend to take most assertions at face value, assuming that they are true unless their authenticity is called into question
truth bias
people that are experienced at judging deceit are no better at it than people with ___ experience
no. expertise does provide skepticism though, they are less likely to exhibit a truth bias and less likely to believe others are truthful
cues that accurately distinguish a truth teller from an imposter
diagnostic cues
there are very few reliable _____ cues to deception
non verbal
truth statements tend to be _____ than lies
longer
truth tellers are ____ likely than liars to say they cant recall certain details. liars also tend to speak in a higher pitched voice and make more _____ errors
more; speech
designed to mentally tax a person so that it becomes difficult to simultaneously answer a question and maintain a lie. lying is cognitively taxing
cognitive load interviews
the most popular approach to polygraphic examinations
CQT
in CQT, guilty subjects should be ____ aroused by the relevant questions (questions about the crime under investigation). Whereas innocent subjects should be ____ aroused by the comparison questions (questions not directly concerned with the crime under investigation)
more; more
goal of this polygraphic test is to detect the presence of guilty knowledge in the suspects mind. it relies on the accumulation of facts that are known only by the police, the criminal, and any surviving victims
guilty knowledge test (GKT)
when an examiner believes that a liar is truthful
false negative
when an examiner believes that a truthful subject is lying
false positive
polygraphs are valuable at the ____ stages of a criminal prosecution
investigatory
in half of the states, when a defendant takes a polygraph test with the understanding that the prosecutor will drop the charges if the defendant passes the test but may use the results in court if the defendant does not ____
pass
when a defendant has passed a polygraph test exam, they can have that evidence _____ in an ongoing investigation
considered
the US Supreme Court declared that ____ tests results and opinions cant be admitted in court
polygraphy
jurors put little stock in results of _____ tests
polygraph. jurors are skeptical!
using fMRI to detect brain areas that are ____ with high level execution suggest that telling lies requires more ____ effort than telling the truth
associated; cognitive
we cant tell if fMRI tech can handle situations in which a subjects response cant be organized as a ___ or ___
truth or lie
uses an EEG to record electrical activity on the surface of the scalp, reflecting spontaneous activity from the underlying cerebral cortex
brain finger printing. can be used in court like the polygraph if it helps with proving innnocence
a brain fingerprinting evaluated neural activity to assess how a suspect responds to crime scene details only known to the ____
perpetrator
a _____ permits a district attorney or grand jury to bring charges
confession
confessions are only admissible if they are obtained after the police had ensured the suspects protection from self incrimination. vat is this
the Miranda Warning
courts preference for maintaining stability in its decisions whenever possible
stare decisis
1)confessions that violate Miranda may still be used at a trial
2)confessions by defendants who dont fully understand the warnings may still be used at a trial
3)miranda does not apply unless the suspect is in the custody of the police
4)miranda does not apply unless the defendant is being interrogated
weakening of the miranda
when a guilty suspect falsely claims their innocence
false negative
when an innocent suspect confesses
false positive
false negatives occur more often than false positives
right
confessions can be proved to be false in situations where it was ______ impossible for a suspect to commit the crime
physically
a disputed confession can be proven false if the actual perp is ____ and his guilt is ____ established
identified; objectively
____ is the most common way to prove a confession is false
DNA
Miranda warnings are only required when the suspect is being _____ while in custody. if the suspect is told he is free to go, there is no need to read the warning
interrogated
police use these to break down a suspects defenses, lower his resistance, and instill feelings of fear, despair, and powerlessness
negative incentive
when interrogators try to send the message that the suspect will receive some benefit in exchange for his admission of wrongdoing
positive inducements
_____ is one of the most basic tactics of interrogating, it ____ the burden of proof from the state to the suspect
accusation, shifts
even if interrogators have no evidence of the suspects wrongdoing then can make him believe that they do. this is..
fabricated evidence
people will less experience in the justice system are more likely than people with felony records to ____ their rights and submit to questioning
wave. mostly because of their just world beliefs
presumption of guilt with innocent victims can be a bad mix. they can become defensive or confused which increases their chances of a ____ confession
false
interrogators who assume that their suspects are guilty use more ____ based interrogative techniques
guilt
occurs because the suspect is induced to comply with the interrogators demands to make an incriminating statement
compliant false confessions
some suspect confess because they actually come to believe that they have committed the crime
internalized false confessions
jurors are ____ likely to convict defendants who have confessed even when the confession is false