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How many liters of blood in a human?
5 liters
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what is plasma primarily made of?
water- 90%
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where are formed elements made (as well as majority of RBC production)?
Bone marrow
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Which organ controls SPEED of RBC production?
The kidneys
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Which organ destroys RBCs?
The spleen!!
Amino acids & the iron get recycled
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4 months
How long do RBCs live?
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When RBC is broken down, hemoglobin is released....
The globins are further broken down into amino acids (which can then be used for building proteins)
Heme s are broken down into iron and bilirubin
The iron gets stored in various tissue n is recycled!
Bilirubin's get transported to liver via albumin, and stored as bile
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Skin, mucous membranes, secretions (tears, saliva)
First line of denfense
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Inflammation! (Means Rx to damage, an alarm)
Phagocytosis
Natural killer cells
Complement proteins
Second line of denfense
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What is primary chemical associated with inflammation?
Histamine
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B & T lymphocytes
Specific systemic memory
Antibodies
Third line of defense
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What is the difference between B & T Lymphocytes?
B makes antibodies--- MHC not required
T makes killers, helpers, and suppressor cells --- MHC required
MHC= major histocompatibility complexThey display protein fragments on cell surface, self n non-self types exist
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O positive
What is the most common blood type?
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AB negative
What is the least common blood type?
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Mixing different blood types, the result is always?
agglutination (CLUMPS) they become held together by the opposite antibodie
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What are antibodies?
Antibodies are proteins usually found in the blood that detect antigens, bind to them and destroy them, keeping the body healthy.
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Antibodies are made by B cells.
If antigens+antibodies get together, you get CLUMPS!!! agglutination
SO antigens can be self or foreign. If foreign, the body is designed to make antibodies to fight it off.
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Type A produces what kind of antibodies if provoked?
antibodies B
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Type B blood produces what kind of antibodies if provoked?
antibodies A
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Type AB blood produces
type AB is covered with both A&B sprinkles, so they won't have a reaction if provoked AKA they don't produce ANY antibodies
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Type O produces what type of antibodies
O has no antigens, SO if provoked they can produce anti-bodies for A or B
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So if a Mom is Rh - and father is positive/AKA baby being positive...
then towards end of gestation, when increase in blood crossing to n from placenta. Mom's (whos neg) sees the antigen Rh for first time, her body with start producing antibodies to attack and kill fetus.
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What makes fibrin?
Fibrinogen! BUT IT NEEDS TO BE ACTIVATED!
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To stop bleeding (Hemostasis), what are the steps?
- 1. Vasospam (artery will constrict)
- 2. Platelets (they are attracted to collagen- which doesn't belong in the blood n spills in from damage, so if platelets see it they will pile on a whole bunch!)
- 3. Coagulation (RBC held together by fibrin which are protein threads)
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Thrombin activates fibrinogen!
What makes fibrinogen activated? (which then converts into fibrin = clots)
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prothrombin! BUT IT NEEDS TO BE ACTIVATED!
It is activated by prothrombin activator.
What makes thrombin?
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in the liver! (RU Quadrant)
Vitamin K!
Where are majority of blood clotting factors found in the body? And which vitamin do you primarily need to make them?
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Calcium
common anticoagulators:
aspirin
warfarin (coumidin), a vit K antagonist
heparin, makes anti-thrombin enz
What mineral is primarily used to STOP blood from clotting together?
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