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Why do we study the Ocean?
The ocean gives life, for trade, food, transportation, weather, defense, oil, salt, water, and sand.
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What is the world #1 mined resource?
Sand
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What did the Polynesians contribute to ancient exploration?
- They sailed the Western Pacific an Southern Pacific.
- They figured out current patterns and wave patterns.
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Where did the Vikings explore?
Norway ,Sweden and Denmark
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Where did the Greeks explore and what did they contribute?
They explored the Mediterranean sea. They determined ocean depth with Lead Lines.
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What are Lead Lines?
A Lead Lines is a rope with a sticky log on the end.
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What did the Chinese contribute to Ocean exploration?
They had transverse bulkheads (water tight) and they used magnetic compasses.
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Why did the Portuguese sail around Africa to India for trading?
The trading route through Turkey was cut off.
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What trading ports did the Portuguese have in Africa?
- Asors
- Cape Verde
- Marco
- Genie Basal
- Angola
- Mosambik
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What was the Portuguese colony in India?
Gowa
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Who developed the 3 mast ship?
Portuguese
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Who was the first to sail around the world?
Megallen
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when did the Trans Atlantic Voyage start?
1492
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Where did the Trans Atlantic Voyage explore and in what order?
- 1. The Atlantic
- 2. The South Pacific
- 3. The Bering Sea
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Who was the first to map the Gulf Stream?
Benjamin Franklin
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What determined the major ocean currents?
The Gulf Stream
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What does the Law of Gravity tell us?
That the ocean levels went up and down at a specific period.
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What were the two Ocean agency's formed?
- 1.France in 1720
- 2. British Royal Navy
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Who lead the most important Scientific trip in 1700's and were did they go?
- James Cook traveled to all of the Ocean Basins exp. the Arctic.
- He :
- -Made Charts of the Pacific and South Pacific
- -Determined depths to 2 ft.
- -Recorded wind patterrnes found the trade winds of the south pacific
- -He found Duldrums
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What is a Duldrum?
A Duldrum is were there is little to no wind around the equator.
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What major current did James Cook find?
Caroshio Current
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How is the most Famous Person In US National Ocean survey?
Matthew Maury
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What did Mathew Maury do?
He collected all ships and estimated the current direction , current speed climate, wind direction , depth maps and ocean sediment samples. He then put then in a book to aid in trade.
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What was the name of Matthew Maurey's book?
"Physical Geography of the Ocean"
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What ship was sent on the first purely scientific trip?
The Challenger
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Where is Fisheries Research Center?
Cape Cod Massachusets
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What did the Albatross ship study?
Gather more information on deep sea life and ocean currents.
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When was Oceanography first recognized as a science?
In 1927 by the National Academy of Science- the Committee of Oceanography.
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What did early Atmosphere consist of?
Hydrogen and Helium
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Why did the early atmosphere change?
It was stripped away because our mass wasn't large enough to keep the light elements.
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What is the primary reason for our present atmosphere?
Degassing of the earths interior through volcanic activity.
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Where do most gases come from?
From recycled crust , through subduction zones and rift zones.
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What are the major gases from Volcanic activity?
- 1. Water Vapor H2O
- 2. Carbon monoxide Co
- 3. Nitrogen N
- 4. Chlorine Cl
- 5 Hydrogen H
- 6. Argon At
- 7. Sulfur S
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What else can also produce gases but not enough to produce the atmosphere?
Weathering
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What gas is the only gas not produced by volcanic activity?
Oxygen
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What produced early Oxygen?
Blue green Alge
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What is the first evidence of early oxygen?
Stromatolites
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What do banded Iron formations tell us?
The alternating layers in banded iron formations are thought to reflect the alternation of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor conditions on the sea floor.
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When we start finding Dolomites it indicates what?
Formation under anaerobic conditions in supersaturated saline rich water. Salinity is mainly from continental weathering.
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What is older the Oceans and Continents?
Continents
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What is the oldest ocean?
The Pacific near Japan
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What are examples of Tectonic activity on Continents?
Folding and faults
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What are examples of Tectonic activity on Oceans?
- Margins, faults
- (Interior is relatively stable)
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Where can you find Igneous activity on Continents?
Everywhere but concentrated along the margin. Felsic along subductions.
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Where can you find Igneous activity on Oceans?
Constant rate along the Mid- Ocean Ridges
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What did Sir Francis Bacon do?
Noted a parallelism of the Atlantic coast.
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What did Alex Von Huboldt do?
Noted the Atlantic basin formed by erosion.
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What did Antonio Pellegrini do?
Stated that North America, South America, Europe, and Africa roughly fit together.
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What did Edward Forbes do?
Noted the similarities between animals between the continents.
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What did Edward Suess do?
Noted that fossils postulated Gondwanaland and geological formations.
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What did Arthur Holmes do?
- Studied radioactive decay. The heat produced should weaken the rock . The deeper in the earth .
- Thermal convection of the mantal. Basaltic Crust rides on the
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