_______ are fundamental building blocks of all matter.
atoms
The smallest unit of life is the ______.
cell
______ is the transmission of DNA to offspring.
inheritance
A process by which an organism produces an offspring is called _______.
reproduction
Organisms require _______ and _______ to maintain themselves, grow, and reproduce.
nutrients and energy
_______ move around for at least part of their life.
animals
By sensing and responding to change, organisms keep conditions in the internal environment withing ranges that cells can tolerate. This process is called _______.
homeostasis
DNA
D. all of the above
A butterfly is a(n) _______, _______, and _______
organism, eukaryote, and consumer
A bacterium is _______ and _______.
an organism and single-celled
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya are three _______.
domains
A control group is _______.
the standard against which an experimental group is compared
Sciene addresses only that which is _______.
observable
Fifteen randomly selected students are found to be taller than 6 feet. The researchers concluded that the average height of a student is greater than 6 feet. This is an example of _______.
sampling error
What is the most suitable description for life?
property that emerges at the level of the cell
What is the most suitable description for probability?
measure of chance
What is the most suitable description for species?
unique type of organism
What is the most suitable description for scientific theory?
time-tested hypothesis
What is the most suitable description for prediction?
statement of what you expect to see if the hypothesis is correct
What is the most suitable description for producer?
makes its own food
The number of species on an island usually depends on the size of the island and its distance from a mainland. This statement would most likely be made by _______.
a biogeographer
The bones of a bird's wing are similar to the bones in a bat's wing. This observation is an example of _______.
comparative morphology
Evolution
D. b and c
A trait is adaptive if it _______.
increases fitness
In which type of rock are you more likely to find a fossil?
limestone, composed of sedimented calcium carbonate
Which of the following is a fossil?
E. all of the above
If the half-life of a radioisotope is 20,000 years, then a sample in which three-quarters of that radioisotope has decayed is _______ years old.
40,000
Did Pangea or Gondwana form first?
Gondwana
The cretaceous ended _______ million years ago.
65.5
Through _______, a body part of an ancestor is modified differently in different lines of descent.
morphological divergence
Homologous structures among major groups of organisms may differ in _______.
shape, size, and function
By altering the steps in the program by which embryos develop, a mutation in a _______ may lead to major differences in body form between related lineages.
homeotic gene
All of the following data types can be used as evidence of shared ancestry except similarities in ______.
form due to convergence
What is the most suitable description for fitness?
measured by relative genetic contribution to future generations
What is the most suitable description for fossils?
evidence of life in distant past
What is the most suitable description for natural selection?
survival of the fittest
What is the most suitable description for half-life?
characteristic of a radioisotope
What is the most suitable description for catastrophism?
geological change occurs in sudden major events
What is the most suitable description for uniformity?
geological change occurs continuously
What is the most suitable description for analogous structure?
insect wing and bird wing
What is the most suitable description for sedimentary rock?
good for finding fossils
What is the most suitable description for homologous structures?
human arm and bird wing
What is the most suitable description for neutral nutation?
does not affect fitness
_______ is the original source of new alleles.
mutation
Individuals don't evolve; _______ do.
populations
Evolution can only occur when
C. neither is necessary
What is the most suitable description for stabilizing?
eliminates extreme forms of a trait
What is the most suitable description for directional natural selection?
shifts allele frequencies in one direction
What is the most suitable description for disruptive natural selection?
eliminates mid range forms of a trait
Sexual selection, such as competition between males for access to fertile females, frequently influences aspects of body form and can lead to _______.
male and female differences, male aggression, and exaggerated traits
The persistence of the sickle allele at high frequency in a population is a case of
E. both b and d
_______ tends to keep different populations of a species similar to one another.
gene flow
The theory of natural selection does NOT explain
a. genetic drift
b. the founder effect
c. gene flow
d. how mutations arise
e. inheritance
all of them
A fire devastates all tree in a wide swath of forest. Populations of a species of tree-dwelling frog on either side of the burned area diverge to become separate species. This is an example of _______.
allopatric speciation
Sex in many birds is typically preceded by an elaborate courtship dance. If a male's movements are unrecognized by the female, she will not mate with him. This is an example of _______.
reproductive isolation, behavioral isolation, and sexual selection
Cladistics
D. all of the above
In cladistics, the only taxon that is always correct as a clade is the _______.
species
In evolutionary trees, each node represents _______.
point of divergence
In cladograms, sister groups are ______.
the same age
What is gene flow?
alleles enter and leave a population
what is sexual selection?
adaptive traits make their bearers better at securing mates
what does extinct mean?
no more living members
what are changes in a population's allele selection frequencies due to chance alone?
genetic drift
what is a diagram of sets within sets?
cladogram
what is a burst of divergences from one lineage into many?
adaptive radiation
what can lead to interdependent species?
coevolution
what is evolutionary history?
phylogeny
An increase in _______ in the atmosphere allowed the formation of an ozone layer that protects against UV radiation.
oxygen
Stanley Miller's experiment demonstrated...
that amino acids can assemble under some conditions
The evolution of a new type of _______ resulted in an increase in the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere.
photosynthesis
Mitochondria are most likely descendants of _______.
aerobic bacteria
Bacteria transfer genes among themselves by _____.
conjugation
The first eukaryotes were _______.
protists
True or False? Some protists are more related to plants than other protists.
True
What protist group is most closely related to animals?
choanoflagellates
The _______ are parasitic eukaryotes that live in other cells.
apicomplexans
Remains of _______ form chalk and limestone deposits.
diatoms
Some of the _______ are human pathogens.
flagellated protozoans
Plants descended from a lineage of _______ algae.
green
Silica-rich remains of _______ are used as an insecticide.
diatoms
The genetic material of a _______ may be DNA or RNA.
virus
What is the closest relative to plants?
green algae
what is a noncellular infectious agent?
virus
what are the most diverse prokaryotes?
bacteria
what includes the largest protists?
brown algae
What is a resistant resting stage?
endospore
what is a flagellate with chloroplasts?
euglenoid
what is a protist population explosion?
algal boom
what is a whirling cell?
dinoflagellate
what is a social amoeba?
slime mold
what is layered prokaryotes and sediment called?
stromatolite
True or False? Animal cells do not have walls.
True
The colonial theory of animal origins states that...
animals evolved from a colonial protist.
A body cavity that is fully lined with tissue derived from mesoderm is a _______.
coelom
Most _______ animal bodies have symmetry.
bilateral
Earthworms are most closely related to _______.
leeches
The _______ have a cuticle and molt as they grow.
roundworms and anthropods
List the four distinguishing chordate traits? Which of these traits are retained by an adult tunicate?
Notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharynx with gill slits, tail that extends beyond anus
pharynx with gill slits
True or false? A shark's vertebral column is made of bone.
False
All vertebrates are _______ but only some are _______.
chordates; amniotes
Amniote adaptations to land include...
waterproof skin, internal fertilization, highly efficient kidneys, and specialized eggs
True or false? Australopiths belong to the species homo.
False
Birds and placental mammals...
have a four chambered heart.
what has no true tissues and no organs?
sponges
what has specialized stinging cells?
cnidarians
what has a saclike gut and no coelom?
flatworms
what are unsegmented, molting worms?
roundworms
what are segmented worms?
annelids
what has a jointed exoskeleton?
anthropods
what has a mantle over body mass?
mollusks
what has tube feet and spiny skin?
echinoderms
what were the first terrestrial tetrapods?
amphibians
what are the most diverse vertebrates?
fish
what lays amniote eggs?
birds
arrange these events in order from ancient to most recent:
extinction of dinosaurs
first jawed vertebrates evolve
origin of animals
cambrian explosion of diversity
tetrapods move onto land
homo erectus leaves africa
origin of animals
cambrian explosion of diversity
first jawed vertebrates evolve
tetrapods move onto the land
extinction of dinosaurs
homo erectus leaves africa
Which of the following statements is correct?
B. free radicals are dangerous because they emit energy
what is the name of an atom that has one proton and no electrons?
hydrogen ion
the mutual attraction of opposite charges holds atoms together as molecules in a _______ bond.
ionic
Rank the following types of bonds by polarity from 1-3:
ionic bond
nonpolar bond
polar bond
1 non polar bond
2 polar bond
3 ionic bond
A _______ substance repels water.
hydrophobic
When dissolved in water, a _______ donates H+ and a _______ accepts H+.
acid; base
_______ is a simbple sugar (a monosaccharide).
glucose, sucrose, and ribose
Unlike saturated fats, the fatty acid tails of unsaturated fats incorporate one or more _______.
double bonds
What is a class of molecules that encompasses all of the other molecules?
lipids
_______ are to proteins as _______ are to nucleic acids.
amino acids; nucleotides
A denatured protein has lost its _______.
hydrogen bonds, shape, and function
Which of the following are not found in DNA?
amino acids
sugars
nucleotides
phosphate groups
amino acids
What does hydrophilic mean?
polar and dissolves easily in water
What does the atomic number tell you?
the number of protons in the nucleus
Are hydrogens strong or weak?
collectively strong
more protons mean what?
positive charge
what does temperature refer to?
a measurement of molecular movement
more electrons mean what?
negative charge
what are water-repellent secretions?
wax
what is sugar storage in plants?
starch
what is the richest energy source in animals?
triglyceride
what carries heritable information?
DNA
what is a protein primary structure?
polypeptide
what is ATP?
an energy carrier
What are the components of proteins?
amino acid monomers
What are the components of phospholipids?
glycerol, fatty acids, and phosphate
What are the components of fats?
glycerol and fatty acids
What are the components of nucleic acid?
nucleotide monomers
What are the components of cellulose?
glucose monomers
What are the components of nucleotides?
sugar, phosphate, and base
What are the components of wax?
fatty acids and carbon rings
What are the components of sucrose?
glucose and fructose
_______ is life's primary source of energy.
sunlight
which of the following statements is not correct?
energy cannot be created or destroyed
energy cannot change from one form to another
energy tends to disperse spontaneously.
energy cannot change from one form to another
If we liken a chemical reaction to an energy hill, then an _______ reaction is an uphill run.
energy-requiring and ATP assisted
_______ are always changed by participating in a reaction.
reactants
Enzymes
B. a and b
One environmental factor that influences enzyme function is _______.
temperature
A metabolic pathway....
may build or break down molecules, generates heat, and can include an electron transfer chain
True or false? Glucose can diffuse through a lipid bilayer.
false
Ions or molecules tend to diffuse from a region where they are(more/less) concentrated to another where they are (more/less) concentrated.
more; less
_______ cannot easily diffuse across a lipid bilayer.
ions
transporters that require an energy boost help sodium ions across a cell membrane. This is a case of _______.
active transport
If you immerse a red blood cell in a hypotonic solution, water will _____________.
diffuse into the cell
fluid pressure against a wall or cell membrane is called _______.
turgor
vesicles form in _______ and _______.
endocytosis and phagocytosis
What enters a reaction?
a reactant
What happens in phagocytosis?
one cell engulfs another
what is the first law of thermodynamics?
energy cannot be created or destroyed
what forms at a reaction's end?
a product
what assists some enzymes?
a cofactor
what is faster with a gradient?
diffusion
what does not require an energy boost?
passive transport
what is like currency in an energy economy?
active transport
what requires an energy boost?
ATP
In a land plant, most of the carbon dioxide used in photosynthesis comes from ______.
the atmosphere
__________ is the main energy source that drives photosynthesis.
sunlight
In the light-dependent reactions...
ATP forms
When a photosystem absorbs light...
it ejects electrons
The atoms in the oxygen molecules released during photosynthesis come from _______.
water
True or false? Plants make all of their ATP by photosynthesis.
false
After photosynthesis evolved, its byproduct, _______, accumulated and changed the atmosphere
oxygen
Glycolysis starts and ends in the _______.
cytoplasm
The Calvin-Benson cycle starts when _______.
electrons leave a photosystem
In eukaryotes, aerobic respiration is completed in the _______.
mitochondrion
In eukaryotes, aerobic fermentation is completed in the _______.
cytoplasm
In the third stage of aerobic respiration, _______ is the final acceptor of electrons.
oxygen
Which of the following is not produced
by an animal muscle cell operating under anaerobic conditions?
heat, lactate, ATP, NAD+, pyruvate
All are produced
Hydrogen ion flow drives ATP formation during _______.
photosynthesis and aerobic respiration
Your body cells can use _______ as an alternative energy source when glucose is in short supply.
fatty acids, glycerol, or amino acids
What is the product of glycosis?
pyruvate
Is oxygen required for fermentation?
no
Where does aerobic respiration end?
mitochondrion
What is like an antenna?
pigment
What is big in the atmosphere?
carbon dioxide
what is a carbon-fixing enzyme called?
rubisco
What is the site of photosynthesis?
chloroplast
Despite the diversity of cell type and function, all cells have these three things in common:
cytoplasm, DNA and a plasma membrane
Every cell is descended from another cell. This idea is part of _______.
the cell theory
The surface-to-volume ratio...
constrains cell size
True or false? Some protists start out life with no nucleus.
