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BIOL Chapter 5

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  1. Define enzymes:
    Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions
  2. What happens in a dehydration reaction?
    Monomers are connected by a reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other with the loss of a water molecule. One monomer provides a hydroxyl group (-OH) and the other provides a hydrogen (-H)
  3. What process disassembles polymers into monomers?
    Hydrolysis
  4. The opposite of a dehydration reaction is:
    Hydrolysis
  5. Dehydration _________ a polymer while Hydrolysis ______ ____ a polymer
    Dehydration Synthesizes a polymer while Hydrolysis Breaks Down a polymer
  6. What are the simplest carbohydrates?
    monosaccharides (simples sugars)
  7. What are disaccharides?
    Double sugars consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond
  8. What is the general molecular formula of monosaccharides?
    • CH2O
    • Glucose C6H12O6 is the most common monosaccharide
  9. Define glycosidic linkage:
    a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction
  10. Polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages are known as
    Polysaccharides
  11. Plants store polysaccharides for later use in the form of what?
    Starch
  12. How can a plant withdraw sugars from its stored starch reserves?
    Through hydrolysis
  13. Animals store polysaccharides for later use in the form of what?
    Glycogen
  14. What important trait do lipids have that groups them together?
    The are all hydrophobic
  15. What two kinds of smaller molecules compose fat?
    • Glycerol 
    • Fatty Acids
  16. Why are fats hydrophobic?
    Because of the relatively non polar C-H bonds in their hydrocarbon chains
  17. What does triacylglycerol consist of?
    • 3 Fatty Acid molecules joined to glycerol by ester linkage
    •     O
    •     ll
    • O-C
  18. What is a saturated fatty acid?
    A fatty acid in which there are no double bonds between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain allowing maximum hydrogens to be bonded
  19. What is the major function of fats?
    Energy Storage
  20. Why are phospholipids essential to cells?
    Because they make up the cell membrane
  21. What is the molecular difference between phospholipids and fat molecules?
    Phospholipids only have 2 fatty acids attached to a glycerol instead of 3 and have an additional phosphate and choline group
  22. What happens when phospholipids are added to water?
    They self assemble into double-layered structures called bilayers shielding their hydrophobic portions from water
  23. What are steroids?
    Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings
  24. A high level of cholesterol in the blood may contribute to which disease?
    Atherosclerosis
  25. Cholesterol is a crucial molecule in animals why?
    • Common component of animal cell membranes
    • It acts as the precursor from which other steroids are synthesized from
  26. In vertebrates, what organ synthesizes cholesterol?
    The liver
  27. Enzymatic proteins regulate metabolism by acting as:
    Catalysts
  28. Define catalysts:
    Chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction
  29. What are polypeptides?
    Polymers of amino acids
  30. Define protein:
    A biologically functional molecule that consist of one or more polypeptides, each folded and coiled into a specific three dimensional structure
  31. What is a polymer?
    A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds
  32. What is a monomer?
    The subunit that serves as the building blocks of polymers
  33. Enzymatic Protein Function and Example:
    • Function: Selective acceleration of chemical reactions
    • Example: Digestive enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of bonds in food molecules
  34. Defensive Protein Function and Example:
    • Function: Protection against disease 
    • Example: Antibodies inactivate and help destroy viruses and bacteria
  35. Storage Protein Function and Example:
    • Function: Storage of amino acids
    • Example: Casein the protein of milk
  36. Transport Protein Function and Example:
    • Function: Transport of substances
    • Example: Hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein of vertebrate blood that transports oxygen in red blood cells
  37. Hormonal Protein Function and Example:
    • Function: Coordination of an organism's activities 
    • Example: Insulin, a hormone released by the pancreas, causes tissues to take up glucose, thus regulating blood sugar concentrations
  38. Receptor Protein Function and Example:
    • Function: Response of cell to chemical stimuli
    • Example: Receptors built into the membrane of a nerve cell
  39. Contractile and Motor protein Function and Example:
    • Function: Movement
    • Example: Motor proteins are responsible for the undulations of cilia and flagella.
    • Actin and myosin proteins are responsible for the contraction of muscles
  40. Structural Protein Function and Example:
    • Function: Support
    • Example: Keratin and Collagen
  41. What is an amino acid?
    An organic molecule possessing both an amino group and a carboxyl group
  42. Which two groups do ALL amino acids have?
    • Carboxyl
    • Amino
  43. The resulting covalent bond from a dehydration reaction of amino acids is formally known as:
    Peptide bond
  44. What are on the two ends of a polypeptide chain?
    • A free amino group (N-Terminus)
    • A free carboxyl group (C-Terminus)
  45. h
Author
Gueza
ID
260221
Card Set
BIOL Chapter 5
Description
Large bio molécules
Updated
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