BIO II Test 1

• no nucleus
• bacteria
• nucleic acid (DNA)
• walls
• small in size

• nucleus
• nucleic acid (DNA)
• organelles
• walls in plants and fungi
• no walls in animals
• bigger in size
• 1 egg yolk = l cell (most microscopic)

• reproduction
• energy processing
• growth/ development
• order not random
• regulation
• respond to environment
• evolve and adapt

• plantae
• animalia
• fungi
• protista
• bacteria (monera)

• Bacteria
• Eukaryota
• Archaea (extreme conditions)

• 1. we are not all alike: individual variation
• 2. we make more offspring than can survive
•     1. unequal reproductive success
•     2. favorable trait accumulate

we are making a choice of what traits we are selecting

vs

your environment is making the selection

• 1. Ribosomes- synthesize protein
• 2. Endoplasmic reticulum- secretes proteins (insulin) 
• 3. Golgi Apparatus- sorts proteins and tells them where to go

• 1. plasma membrane- site of protein secretion
• 2. peroxisome- detoxification
• 3. lysosomes- digestion
•     food or particles brought into cell
•     damaged organelle inside the cell

• Synthesize ATP
• ATP is the energy currency in the cell, the way we move energy around the cell

• tight junctions- zip cells together
• anchoring junctions-  (Desmesomes) spot welds that hold cells together
• gap junctions- like anchoring but with holes to allow transfer between cells

• connective- hold portions of organs together
• nervous- specialized for cellular communication
• muscle- specialized for contraction leading to movement
• epithelial (coverings)- cover surfaces of organs inside and outside

• A matrix
• Fiber
• Cells (Fibroblasts)
• blasts= cells

• collagen- bone cartilage etc
• elastic- cartilage skin etc
• fibrin- blood
• reticular- special

• 1. loose connective tissue (under skin)
• 2. fibrous connective tissue (forming a tendon)
• 3. Adipose tissue (fat tissue)
• 4. cartilage (at end of boneO
• 5. bone
• 6. blood

hold bone to bone

connect muscle to bone

• skeletal- voluntary, striated
• cardiac- involuntary, striated
• smooth muscle- involuntary, smooth (esophagus)

• cell extensions
•       Dendrites (in)
•       Axons (out)

mouth -> esophagus -> liver -> stomach -> small intestine -> large intestine -> anus

• carbon
• oxygen
• hydrogen
• nitrogen

• ionic- strong (hold ions together) Na⁺ + Cl^- --> NaCl
• covalent- strongest (share electrons) 2H₂ + O₂ --> 2H₂O
• hydrogen- weak (share hydrogen)
• van der Waals interactions- very weak (not really bonds)

protein, lipids, carbohydrates

vitamins and minerals- need less but still essential

ingestion -> digestion (breaks down macromolecules into their monomers for absorption) -> absorption -> elimination

polysaccharid/ disaccharide -> carbohydrate digesting enzymes -> monosaccharids

DNA/RNA ->nucleic acid digesting enzymes -> nucleotides

complete proteins contain all 20 amino acids

covers trachea to keep food out of lungs

• moves food down esophagus
•        reverse= vomitting

acid and enzymes and partially digested food all mixed together

enzymes in the first half of the small intestine digest polymers in the acid chyme from the stomach to their monomers

2nd half absorbs nutrients (lots of surface area)

• Duodenum -> digestive portion
• Jejunum
• Illium

bile produced by the liver and gall bladder

lipids are not water soluable so you need the cholesterol to break up the greasy lipid

• makes enzymes (insulin) to break up carbohydrates
• your liver stores it as glycogen and your cells burn it

absorbs water some nutrients and packages the feces for ejection from the rectum

when the large intestine does not reabsorb water you get diarrhea

breathing

where we burn macronutrients for energy (especially glucose)

glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) - 6O₂ -> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATPs (energy)

the chemical energy in the bonds of glucose is harvested and stored in ATP for use elsewhere in the cell

• 2 pyruvate
• 2 NADH
• 2 ATP

• glucose (6 carbons)
• 2 NAD
• 2 ADP + 2 P

• 1st choice- carbohydrates and glucose (burn right away)
• 2nd choice- fats (fats can be stored)
• 3rd choice- proteins (what your cells are made of)

biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle, molecule

specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells

monosaccharides

amino acids

nucelotides

• smooth= no ribosomes, synthesizes lipds
• rough= with ribosomes, makes more membrane (bound ribosomes make protein)

• finishes, sorts, and ships cell products
• serves as a molecular warehouse and finishing factory for products manufactured by the ER
• post office

sac of digestive enzymes

reserve library

stomach ulcers

• synthesized by dehydration
• degraded by hydrolysis

carbon dioxide, ATP, NADH

oxidative phosphorylation; glycolysis

dehydration synthesis from amino acids in your diet

glucose to pyruvate

ATP, carbon dioxide, and water

they can

true

true