The flashcards below were created by user
amanda430
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
-
What are the 2 common shapes of Prokaryotic cells?
- Spherical- Coccus
- Cylindrical- Rod or Bacillus ex. E.Coli
-
Coccobacillus
A short rod that can be mistaken for a coccus in Prokaryotic cells
-
What are the 4 less common shapes for Prokaryotic cells?
- Vibrio-short, curved rod
- Spirillum-long, curved rod that forms spirals
- Pleomorphic- bacteria that vary in shape
- Spirochete- long helical cell with flexible wall, has a unique mechanism for motility
-
What are the three types of groupings?
-
How does a chain form?
When a cell divides in 1 plane
-
How does a packet form?
When a cell divides in 2+ planes perpendicular to one another
-
How do clusters form?
When a cell divides in several planes at random
-
What aspect of bacterial cell division determines the characteristic cell arrangements?
The plane in which the cell divides
-
What is a diplococci?
- A cocci that typically occurs in pairs
- ex. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
-
What is a myxobacteria look like?
a flower
-
What is a biofilm?
communities in which surface bacteria lives
-
What encompasses the Prokaryotic Cell?
- Cell Envelope
- Cytoplasm
- cytosol
- Nucleoid
-
What is the cell envelope?
cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall, and capsule
-
What is the cytoplasm?
viscous material within the envelope
-
What is the cytosol?
The fluid portion of the cytoplasm
-
What is the Nucleoid?
gelatinous region where genetic material resides
-
What is the size of a Prokaryotic Cell, and why?
- Small size, large surface area with a low volume
- Allows for quick nutrient uptake and waste secretion
-
How much can a light microscope magnify?
1000x
-
How much can an electron microscope magnify?
100,000x
-
What does an atomic force microscope do?
Produces images of individual atoms on a surface
-
What are the two types of electron microscopes?
- TEM- Transmission Electron microscope
- Sem- Scanning microscope
-
What is a TEM?
- Transmission Electron Microscope
- High powered pictures of inside of cell
-
What is a SEM
- Scanning Microscope
- Used for surface details
- gives 3D effect
-
What are the 2 most common types of morphologies for Prokaryotic cells?
- Coccus: Spherical
- Bacillus: cylindrical, rod
-
What are the four less common morphologies of Prokaryotic cells?
- Vibrio- comma shape
- Spirillum-loose spiral
- Spirochete- cork screw
- Pleomorphic- non-rigid cell wall, many shapes
-
What does strepto- mean
Chain
-
What does Sarcina mean?
Cubical packet
-
What does Staphylo mean?
Clusters
-
-
What is an example of multicellular associations?
myxobacteria
-
What is a myxobacteria?
- Multicellular association that releases enzymes nad degrades organic material
- flowers
-
What is the difference between a peripheral protein and an integral protein?
- Peripheral- only on the peripheral of the membrane
- Integral- Spans the whole membrane
-
What is Simple Diffusion
Movement of molecules down their gradient
-
What is Osmosis?
- Movement of water down it's gradientÂ
- Hypotonic > Hypertonic = isotonic
-
What is a permeases or carrier?
Integral proteins that act as a transport system
-
What is facilitated diffusion
Molecules move through permeases down their gradient
-
What is active transport
- movement of molecules opposite of their gradient
- uses ATP or Proton motive force
-
What is Group Translocation
Permeases chemically alter the compound to move it across a membrane
-
What is an example of Group Translocation?
phosporylation
-
What compose Peptidoglycan?
- N-Acetylmuramic Acid
- N- Acetylglucosamine
- Tetrapeptides
-
What are the characteristics of a Gram-Positive wall?
- Thick
- permeable
- Has Teichoic acids
-
What are the characteristics of a Gram-Negative cell wall?
- Thin
- no teichoic acids
- has an outer membrane with LPS
- Periplasm
-
What is LPS
lipopolysaccharide
-
What is the periplasm?
- thick area between membranes in gram-negative cell walls
- thick with proteins
-
-
What is the problem with LPS?
Large amounts can be deadly
-
What's the purpose of Lipid A?
it's the part of the outermembrane that the immune system detects
-
What's the purpose of O Antigen?
Used to identify specific bacteria
-
How does penicillin work?
- Targets Peptidoglycan synthesis
- Doesn't work well against gram-negative
-
How does lysozome work?
- Breaks down peptidoglycan
- ex. tears, saliva
-
Which bacterial species does not have a cell wall?
Mycoplasma species
-
What is the difference between a capsule and a slime layer?
- Capsule: distinct and gelatinous
- Slime Layer: diffuse and irregular
-
What is the purpose of a capsule?
to protect against phagocytosis
-
What is the purpose of a slime layer and what is it made of?
- Allows attachment of surfaces and forms biofilms
- made of glycocalyx
-
What is Peritrichous?
when flagella are distributed all over the cell
-
What is Polar Flagellum?
A single Flagllum on one side
-
What is Amphitrichous?
A flagella at each end of the cell
-
What is Lophotrichouse
tuft of flagella at one or both ends of a cell
-
What comprises the Flagella Structure?
-
What is are the different taxis?
- Chemo- chemical
- Aero- Oxygen
- Magneto- Magnetic
- Thermo- Temperature
- Photo- Light
-
What are Pili
short flagella used for attachment purposes
-
What are Fimbria
Allows for surface attachement
-
What are Sex Pili?
Allow for DNA transfer
-
What is a Plasmid?
A small non-essential piece of chromosome
-
What are Ribosomes measured in?
Svedbergs
-
What are storage granules?
used of excess nutrients
-
What are gas vesicles?
used for buoyancy
-
What produces endospores?
Bacillus and Clostridium
-
What is sporulation?
Creation of endospores
-
What is pinocytosis?
When a Eukaryotic cell takes in water
-
What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?
Cells take in material bound to a receptor
-
What is phagocytosis
When a cell engulfs a particle
|
|