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What does neuroscience perspective focus on?
how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences
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What does the evolutionary perspective focus on?
how the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of our genes
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What does the behavioral genetics perspective focus on?
how much our genes and our enviorment influence out individual differences
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What does the psychodynamic perspective focus on?
how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
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What does the cognitve perspective focus on?
how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
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What does the social- cultural perspective focus on?
how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures
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What does the humanistc view focus on?
free will
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What are empirical statements?
based on experimentation and facutal data
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What is comparative psychology?
the branch concerned with the behavior of animals
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What is covert behavior?
- not observable
- thinking and imaging
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What is overt behavior?
- directly observable
- talking
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What do Gestalt psychologists believe?
- perspectives
- studies mental processes and behavior
- human eye sees whole picture before details
- whole is greater than the sum of its parts
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What are the goals of psychology?
help you understand why people think, feel and act the way they do
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What does cognition mean?
- mental processes
- how we encode process,store and retrieve info
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What are eclectic psychologists?
- sees many factors influencing behavior
- considers all perspectives
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What is psychology?
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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What did Wundt do?
- first psychology lab
- structuralism-introspection
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Who was William James?
- wrote first psychology textbook
- functionalist- adapt survive and flourish
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Who was Watson?
- behaviorist
- called psychology the science of behavior
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Who was Skinner?
- behaviorist
- rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior
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Who was Maslow?
- humanist
- self actualization
- how do people grow
- importance of health
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How do psychiatrists differ from psychologists?
can prescribe medicine
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Why is psychology considered a science?
- it is a way of asking and answering questions
- it tests theories
- obervations and analysis
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Why would a psychologist use animals in research instead of humans?
- they are very similar
- some experiments are only permissible with animals
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What is a naturalistic observation?
observing naturally occurring situations without manipulating or controlling situation
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What is correlation?
the measure to the extent that two factors vary together
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of case studies and surveys?
- case studies can have fruitful ideas, but cant discern general truths if individual cases
- surveys are unrelaible
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What is placebo effect?
experimental results from expectations alone
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Why is random assignment important in experimentation?
equalizes the groups in terms of age, attitudes, etc.
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What is the difference in positive and negative correlation?
- positive- rise and fall together
- negative- inversly related; one rises and other falls
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What is the most powerful research tool?
experimentation
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What is difference control and experimental groups?
- control gets placebo
- exmperimental gets treatment
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What is the difference between single and double blind study?
- single- participants dont know what group they are in
- double- niether researcher nor participant knows what group they are in
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What are extraneous variables?
other variables that could affect experiment
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describe scientific method.
define problem, create hypothesis, review lit., perform test, analyze results, make conclusions
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What is replication? Why is it important?
- repeating experiments with different people and situations
- increases confidence in reliability
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What is hindsight bias?
tendency to believe, after learning outcome, that one would have foreseen it
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What is observer bias?
observers know goals of study and allow this to influence their observation
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