G. Chem 1

• C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ---> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
• L.R.

Limiting Reagent: (used up 1st in rxn)/(least amt)

• 1) Set up Chem-Eq
• 2) Balance Eq
• 3) Convert amts to moles
• 4) Find limiting reagents (use ratios)
• 5) STOICH IT! (use eq)
• 6) Convert to desire units

• always keep in mind ----> ALWAYS USE MOL
• ALWAYS KEEP RATIOS IN MIND!

6.022 x 1023

(how many parts/ molec/ atoms per mole)

C₆H₁₂O₆

single unit of elements

• 1) neutron - 1 amu 0 charge isotopes
• 2) electron - 0 amu -1 charge charge
• 3) proton - 1 amu +1 charge identity

diff # neutrons

# protons

protons + neutrons

• 1) n = shell # (1, 2, 3)
• 2) l = subshell (0, 1, 2... n-1)
• s p d
• 3) M_l = orbital #
• s 0 (0)
• p 1 (-1, 0. 1)
• d 2 (-2, -1, 0, 1, 2)
• 4) M_s = spin # (+1/2, -1/2)

• --> 1. e- fill lowest to highest E
• --> 2. e- fill singly b4 pairing

• (24e) Cr: [Ar] 4s² 3d⁴
• (29e) Cu: [Ar] 4s² 3d⁹

• instead you want
• Cr: [Ar] 4s¹ 3d⁵
• Cu: [Ar] 4s¹ 3d¹⁰

[story --> rent a boat, says can only hold 10 pep, having a party add more pep, boat sinks can't hold, have to push pep off]

• nucleus:
• STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE ---> have to counteract the repulsive forces of protons- when SNF can't cope (big atoms/molec)... radioactive decay(get rid of protons)

• 1) high p:n ratio
• 2) high n:p ratio
• 3) too many p + n

"helium released"

"neutron changes to proton"

"proton changes to neutron"

(commonly called positron emission)

"electron into nucleus"

radio -- microwave -- infrar red --- R-----V --- UV --- XRay --- gamma

• E-------------->
• f -------------->
• <--------------λ

"excited st going to ground st"

• ↓ PT, ↑ AR (add shell)
• → PT, ↓ AR (attractive force)

(E removing electron) ➚

• ↓PT, IE↓ (has to counteract attractive force)
• → PT, IE ↑ (do not want to loose e-)

[attractive F, don't want to give up, eg Cl]

• (energy assoc adding electron)
• [high EA = large -ve E]

• ↓ PT, EA ↓
• → PT, EA ↑

(WHO WANTS E- MORE)

ex. Cl is closer to nuc & less shell than I)

• ↓ PT, EN ↓
• → PT, EN ↑

FONClBrISCH (order of electroneg) ➚

F > O > N > Cl > Br > I > S > C > H

• ↓ PT, acidity ↑
• → PT, acidity ↑

= strong acid ➘

(w/in molec)

(chem bonds, chem properties)

• share electrons e-

• [intramolecular -- covalent]

• [intramolecular -- covalent]

• [intramolecular]
• - both stable w/ full valence shells & near each other "electrostatic attraction"
• - relates to strength (weak bond; don't have to be next to one another)
• - not shared charge charge reaction

• [intramolecular]
• "moving sea of e-"

• [intramolecular]
• ex - diamond

"between molecules"

• [increase in strength]
• - Ion-dipole b.
• - H-bond
• - Dipole-Dipole
• - Dipole Induced Dipole

• (special dipole-dipole)
• (1) F, O, N (H attach to)
• (2) H bond to F, O, N

• "polar"

• (1) H-bond
• (2) Dipole-Dipole
• (3) dipole Induced Dipole

• "London Dispersion Forces"
• - dipole moment when charges are not distrib evenly