Chapter 2 Micro

what is a distinct chemical substance that results from the combination of two or more atoms

what contains two or more different elements and are more appropriately termed

when two or more atoms share, donate, or accept electrons to form molecules and compounds

what are the three types of chemical bonds

what bond has electrons are share amoung atoms

covalent bond with an unequal sharing, has positive and negative poles

covalent bond with an equal sharing, neutral electrical charge

what is determined by the number of electrons that an atoms has to lose or share with other atoms during bond formation

means two atoms, in their pure elemental state they exist in pairs, rather than a single atom

what bond has electrons that are transferred to one atom forming positively charged cations and negatively charged anions

when salt is added to water Na and Cl separate, what is this process called

what are charged particles

what occurs when ionic bond is broken and the atoms dissociate into unattached ions

substances such as salts, acids, and bases that release ions when dissolved in water are... because their charges enable them to conduct an electrical current

what bonds are weak between hydrogen and other atoms

weak molecular interactions similar to hydrogen bonds that play major roles in the shape and function of biological molecules

the phenomenon in which electrons are transferred from one atom or molecule to another

any reaction that causes an atom to lose electrons

is the result of a different atom gaining these same electrons

molecules starting a reaction

substances left by a reaction

an atom can donate electrons and thereby reduce another atom

an atom that can receive extra electrons and thereby oxidize another molecule

the reactants bond together in a manner that produces an entirely new molecule

the bonds on a single reactant molecule are broken to release two or more products

the reactants trade portions between each other and release products that are combinations of the two

a mixture of one or more substances containing the solute and solvent

ususally a solid and can be dissolved

usually a liquid (water) does the dissolving

molecules that attract water to their surface and dissolve in water

molecules that repel water

molecules that have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties

what of a solution expresses the amount of solute dissolved in a certain amount of solvent

ranges from 0-14, expresses the concentraiton of H+ ions

when one of its components releases excess hydrogen ions

when a component releases excess hydroxide ions

reactions which give rise to water and other neutral by-products

chemical that does not contain carbon or hydrogen

chemical that does contain the basic framework of carbon bonded to hydrogen

the molecular skeleton for living things is that it is free to bind with a variety of special molecular groups or accessory molecules

what are organic compounds produced by living things

what are large compounds assembled from smaller subunits

what is a repeating subunit

what is a chain of monomers

what are the four biological macromolecules

what are made up of sugars and polysaccharides the general formula is (CH2O)n

have a six ring aldehyde and a five ring ketone

what is a simple carbohydrate

what are 3-7 carbons linked together

what are two monosaccharides

what are five or more monosaccharides

what is the loss of water in a polymerization reaction

the combination of glucose and glucose equals

the combination of glucose and fructose equals

the combination of glucose and galactose equals

what are the functions that include cell structure, adhesion, and metabolism

disaccarides and polysaccarides are linked in which carbons on adjacent sugar units are bonded to the same oxygen atom like links on a chain

this is from glucose crystilization helps form structure to adhesion together, strong and prevalent in nature

this has an amorphous structure, is site for energy storage and metabolism

what are long and complex, hydrophobic C-H chains, the general formula (CH2)n

what are the three kinds of lipids

what lipid has the function of energy storage

what lipid has the function of major cell membrane component

what lipid has the function of cell membrane component

what are commonly known examples of lipids

what are three fatty acids bound to glycerol

when a triglyceride has all single bonds it is

when a triglyceride has one or more double bonds

what serves as a major structural component of cell membrane

what is made up of glycerol with two fatty acids and a phosphate group

has an electrical charge (negative) and is hydrophilic

has no electrical charge, and is hydrophobic

phospholipid are considered to be this molecule that likes and dislikes water

what is inserted into the phospholipid bilayer and makes the membrane more durable, rigid, and tough

what are complex ringed compounds commonly found in cell membranes and animal hormones

a covalent bond that forms between the amino group on one amino acid and the carboxyl group on another amino acid

contains an unspecified number of amino acids but usually has more than 20 and is often a smaller sub-unit of a protein

what serve as the catalysts for all chemical reactions in cells

what are complex glycoproteins with specific regions of attachment for bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms

what are predominant molecules in cells

what includes the functions of support, enzymes, transport, defense, and movement

what is usually a molecule composed of a short chain of amino acids

what are monomers that make up a protein polymer

what structure of a protein is the fundamental chain of amino acids just described, but proteins vary extensively in the exact order, type, and number of amino acids

what structure spontaneously arranges itself into a higher level of complexity, causing chain to coil in regular patterns helix or pleated sheets

what structure arises through additional interchain forces and bonds between various parts of the helix and pleated sheets

what structure has two or more polypeptides interact to form a large multiunit protein

are composed of DNA and RNA

each are composed of three smaller units; monomer

what contains A,T,C,G nitrogen bases, has a double helix, and fucntion is to store hereditary material

what contains A,U,C,G nitrogen bases and function is to organize protein synthesis

what is formed by two very long polynucleotide strands linked along their length by hydrogen bonds

what is the energy molecule of cells

what is made up of nucleotides, adenine, ribose, and three phosphates and the function is to transfer and store energy