chemistry

• is the simplest whole number ratio of the number of atoms if each element in a compound.
• E.g: All alkenes with one double bond has the empirical formula CH₂

Molecular formula gives the actual number of atoms of each element present in a molecule.

• General formula is the simplest algebraic formula to represent any member of a homologous series.
• E.g: any alkane with n carbons has the formula C_nH_2n+2

• A structural formula gives minimal detail to show how the atoms are arranged in the molecule.
• E.g: Butanol C₄H₁₀O can exist in four different forms (structural isomers) all with the same molecular formula but with different arrangement of the atoms ..
• CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂OH = Butan-1-ol
• CH₃CH₂CH(OH)CH₃ =Butan-2-ol
• (CH₃)₂CHCH₂OH = 2-methylpropan-1-ol
• (CH₃)₃COH = 2-methylpropan-2-ol

Gives the most accurate representation of the molecule, showing all the atoms and bond present, and can give indication of the relative positions of the atoms in space.  

• Is a simplified organic formula with carbon atoms shown as a skeleton and all the hydrogen atoms of the alkyl chains removed except for those of functional groups.
• 

In structural isomerism the structural arrangements of atoms are different, the carbon chain may be different, or the functional group and / or its position in the molecule may be different. Structural isomers of a compound have the same molecular formulae, but have different structural and displayed formula.

The structural formulae are identical but the displayed formulae are different because the isomers have different arrangements of the atoms in space. There are two types, E/Z isomers.

• -Identify the longest carbon chain.
• -Number the carbons to which the alkyl substituent group is attached.
• -Put the two parts together and name the whole compound.
• 

• A functional group is a group of atoms found in a compound that are responsible for the characteristic reactions of the compound.
• 

• -Find the longest carbon chain.
• -Put the position(loest number possible) and name of the halogen in front.
• The halogen is always halo- (e.g: bromo, iodo)
• E.g: 2-iodobutane.

• -Find the longest Carbon chain and change the ending from -ane to -ene.
• -Find the lowest possible number for the c=c bond position is indicated by the number in the name(unless if there is only one possibility.)
•  E.g : Pent-2-ene

• - Find the longest carbon chain and name the alkane(without the -e)
• - then the lowest position of the -OH group is indicated by the number followed by -ol.

E.g: propan-2-ol

Are organic compound that contain carbon and hydrogen only.

Is a hydrocarbon with single bonds only.

Is a hydrocarbon containing carbon-carbon multiple bonds.

Is a hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chain.

Is a hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a ring structure.

is a series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH₂. ( they also have similar chemical properties)

alkanes are saturated straight chained hydrocarbons with single c-c bonds only. For alkanes each carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms. Each carbon has a tetrahedral shape with a bond angle of 109.5*

it is the functional group that reacts in a homologous series.

is a system of naming compounds.

• An alkyl group is an alkane with a hydrogen atom removed. 
• (An alkyl group is often shown as  'R' )

• -Identify the parent chain ( laargest unbranched chain of carbon atoms)
• -Name the stem of the parent chain. e.g~ Meth- Eth-
• -Identify any alkyl chains or functional groups. -Alkyl groups are placed before the stem name.
• -Identify the name of the prefix or suffix for the functional group. prefix is added before the stem and a suffix is added after the stem.
• -Number any alkyl groups and functional groups to show their position on the parent chain.