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Grid system
equally spaces streets or roads perpendicular to eachother
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radial system
DIRECTS FLOW TO OR FROM A COMMON CENTER WITH STRAIGHT CHANNELS OF CIRCULATION RADIATIING FROM ITS CENTER POINT. OFTEN USES BELTWAYS AS CITY EXPANDS. CONCENTRIC RINGS.
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LINEAR SYSTEM
FLOW BETWEEN TWO POINTS, ALONG A SINGLE LINE OR PARALLEL LINES.
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CURVILINEAR SYSTEM
RESPONDS TO TYPOGRAPHY OF THE LAND ALIGNING WITH NATURAL CONTOURS.
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TRAFFIC ARTERIES
- 1. FREEWAYS, EXPRESSWAYS
- 2. ARTERIAL STREETS, HIGHWAYS
- 3. COLLECTOR - DISTRIBUTER STREETS
- 4. LOCAL ACCESS STREETS
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FREEWAYS - EXPRESSWAYS
- I-10
- LARGE VOLUMES BETWEEN, AROUND AND THROUGH URBAN CENTER. RAPID SPEEDS
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ARTERIAL STREETS
- CAUSEWAY
- ROADS THAT CONNECT WITH FREEWAYS BY ON AND OFF RAMPS
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COLLECTOR - DISTRIBUTER STREETS
- WEST ESPLANADE
- TRANSITION BETWEEN LOCAL AND ARTERIALS STREETS.
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MEDIAN / NUTRAL GROUND
- 7' WIDE IF IT CONTAINS TREES
- 4' FOR GRASS ONLY
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PARKING
- ANGLE-- PROJECTION-- BAY WIDTH
- 30 --------15'-7" ------------- 43'-2"
- 45 --------18'-2" ------------- 48'-4"
- 400 S.F. PER VEHICLE
- 1 STALL PER 350S.F. OF BLDG.
- 1 - 5 PERCENT SLOPE
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HANDICPPED REQUIREMENTS
- 60" TWO WHEEL CHARIS TO PASS
- 1:20 (5%) SLOPES
- RAMPS WHEN DROP IS > 1/2"
- RAMPS MIN OF 3' WIDE AND NOT EXCEED 30'
- 5' TURNING RADIUS
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HC PARKING
- 7-50 - 2 MIN.
- 51-100 - 3 MIN
- 101-150 - 5 MIN.
- OVER 150 - 5 + 2 FOR EVERY ADDITIONAL 100
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COMFORT ZONE
- 65 TO 75 DEGREES
- 30 TO 60 % HUMIDITY
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SUN SHADES
- HORIZ. OVERHANGS MOST EFFECTIVE FOR SOUTH
- VERTICAL FINS MOST EFFECTIVE E & W
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u-factor
- measure of heat transmission
- number of BTU's per hour that pass thru one s.f. of material
- low u-valus indicates slow heat loss / gain
- high u-value indicates rapid loss / gain
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thermal inertia
ability of a material to store heat
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4 soil classifications
- gravel - over 2 mm
- sand - .05 to 2 mm
- silt - .002 to .05 mm
- clay - under .002 mm
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soils A-D
- A - top soils
- B - minerals
- C - weathered fractured rock
- D - bedrock
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Unified Soil Classifications
- well-graded - variety of grain sizes
- poorly-graded - same sized particles
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ultimate bearing capicity
- maximum unit preassure without permiting detrimental settlement.
- gravels / sands - 3000- 1200 psi
- silts / clays - 1000 - 4000 psi
- bedrock - 100000 psi
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spread footing
footing that delivers its load directly to the soil
if load is 200 kips and soil capicity is 4 kips, then footing must be 200/4 = 50 s.f.
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foundations costs
5% of total construction costs
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costs of foundation systems
- 1. spread footing - cheapest
- 2. drilled CIP concrete piles
- 3. mat foundations, nbelled caissons, driven piles p most expensive
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design of site drainage patterns
surface water management
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runoff
surface water that does not seep into the ground
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ground slopes
- level - <4%
- easy grades - 4% - 10%
- steep grades - > 10%
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typical slopes
- storm drains - .3%
- sanitary sewers - .4% - 1.4%
- Streets drainage - .5%
- open land - .5%
- planted / paved areas - 1%
- ditches / canal - 2% - 10%
- parking - 5%
- car ramps - 8%
- sidewalks - 10%
- lawns - 25%
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vegetation
- absorb as much as 90% of light
- reduce winds by 10%
- reduce temps by 15%
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Wale or Whaler
A horizontal brace of steel or timber used to support sheathing, or other members such as concrete formwork. holds vertical members and formwork in line
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Trenching
Creating a shallow excavations used for pouring small footings and foundation walls or to provide drainage for suraface water.
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Shoring
temporary wood or steel bracing usually set at an angle and used to hold walls in place
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Excavation
the removal of soil from its natural position to allow for construction below grade.
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Underpinning
Providing additional support to an existing foundation by rebuilding or reinforcing
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Raker
A temporary diagonal brace used to support vertical sheeting against earth walls created by excavation
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Percolation test
A test method to determine the rate soil absorbs effluent
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Proctor Test
A test method used to determine the optimum relationship between moisture content and compaction of soil
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Alluvium
Soil or sand deposited by flowing water
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Humus
Soft dark soil containing decomposed organic matter, poor bearing caacity
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Loam
Rich soil containing equal parts of sand, silt and clay.
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Core borings
soil is removed art regular depths to determine moisture content, density, and porosity
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Test Pits
Visual inspection of soil conditions by digging an open trench
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Auger Boring
An Auger bit is used to bring up soil samples. best in sand or clay at shallow depths
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Wash Boring
Samples are taken with a 2 to 4 inch pipe which forces water to bring up the soil mix
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Soil Load Test
applying incremental loads of soil on a platform erected at the site. the test is complete hen the soil stops settling upon subsequent loading an becomes stable.
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Information included in Topo Survey
- Site contours
- property boundaries
- existing bldgs.
- utility
- roads
- vegetation
- natural features
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Acre
- 43,560 sq. ft.
- 640 = 1 square mile
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Crown
Always points downhill
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Order of sitework
- 1. set batter boards'
- 2. remove and save top 6" of soil
- 3. Earth work: grading and excavation
- 4. Rough Grading: addition or removal of earth prior to construction.
- 5. finish grading: preparation for landscaping
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Soldier Beam
heavy timber or steel column driven vertically into the soil and used to hold cribbing boards in palce
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Cribbing
Horizontal boards, 2 to 4 inches thick placed between soldier beams used to hold soil in place during excavation
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Paved Area minimum Slope
1% to 1.5%
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methods to Improve Soil Bearing Capacity
- 1. Fill: poor soil is replaced, then compacted
- 2. Compaction: of existing soil
- 3. Densification: use heavy pounding piles, vibration or weights to compact and fill voids
- 4. Surcharging: adding fill to existing soil and allowing settlement with time
- 5. Mixing : addition of sand or gravel to the soil.
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Vehicle turning Radii
- Small cars : 16-19 feet
- standard cars : 19-23 feet
- large cars : 23-25 feet
- ambulances : 25-30 feet
- busses and trucks " 43-50 feet
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Four Primary Soil Types
- 1. Gravels
- 2. Sands
- 3. Silts
- 4. Clays
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Azimuth
angle of the sun measured clockwise from the North point or South point. (angle on ground)
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Square footage required per car for parking and circulation
400 Sq. Ft.
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Plat Map
A land Plan. Component of a survey indicating the metes and bounds
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Flume
an elevated artificial channel that carries fast moving water used to transport items or divert a stream.
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Weir
An embankment, levee or dam formed to hold a river or stream or divert the flow of water.
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Methods used to control erosion during construction
- 1. Silt fence
- 2. Straw Bale dams / Earth Dikes
- 3. Hydroseeding or mulch
- 4. retaining Walls
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Sound intensity level
diminishes by 6dm by doubling the distance.
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Distance between contour lines
contour interval
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Noise Intensity
doubling distance decrease Intensity to 1/4 original.
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Floor Area Ratio
- the ratio between gross floor area of a building to the area of the lot before setbacks.
- length X width of site, X F.A.R, equals max floor area. then Length X width of sitewithin setbacks divided by the max floor area to get amount of allowable floors.
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Four Main Site Factors affecting the Physical form of a building
- 1. Site to structure relationships
- 2. Site to form relationship
- 3. Vegetation
- 4. Climate
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Pad Elevation
the level of sub grade onto which material will be added to reach finish grade.
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Passive Solar Heating
- Orient bldg long axis east west
- use thermal massing
- use Deciduous trees to block sunlight during summer and allow it during winter
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Passive Solar Cooling
- Utilizes:
- Shading - trees bldgs, horiz louvers on south and vert louvers on E & W
- Natural ventilation
- Radiative Cooling - thermal mass
- Evaporative cooling - utilized wind and water elements
- Ground coupling - earths cool temp.
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Albedo
potion of radiant energy reflected as it falls on a surface
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Metes and Bounds
property is described narratively starting at one point and describing the length and direction of each line around the property
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Meridians
- North to South lines
- Principal meridians - serve as a basis of grid layout
- Guide meridians - other meridians
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Parallels
- East to West Lines
- Base lInes - principal parallels that serve as basis for grid layout
- Standard parallels - other parallels.
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bioswale
designed to let sediment settle while water drains into the ground
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infiltration basin
designed to retain stormwater until it can seep into the ground
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runoff coefficient
- fraction of total precipitation falling on a surface that runs off the surface or is not absorbed into the ground.
- used to calculate the amount of runoff in cubic feet per second on a site
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when are traffic signals employed?
when vehicle volume exceeds 750 cars per hour
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90 degree vs angled parking
- more cars can be parked at 90 using the same stall widths than 45 or 60.
- 60, 45, 30 establish a one-way circulation which is easier for the driver to back out
- 60 degree parking is not as efficient, safe or cost effective as 90 degree; however it is easier for a drive r to use.
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road ramps
- ramps should not exceed 15%
- for slopes greater than 10%, a transition of 8' at half the slope is required at both ends of ramp.
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parking lot slopes
at least 1%, no more than 5%
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ADA Handrails
should be employed when rise is greater than 6"and run is greater than 72"
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hardpan
mixture of gravel, clay and sand. good foundation
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The Natural Step
environmental credo focusing on the ecosphere and the biosphere
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Ahwanee Pricipals
- set of community principles for land use planning
- duany
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covenant
a restriction of the deed that regulates land use, aesthetics, etc.
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degree days
the number of degrees that the mean temperature for any day is below 65 degrees
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varience
given when regular enforcement would impose unusual or unreasonable hardship to owner
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