A&P 1- Ch 2 Chemical level of Organization

A reaction that breaks a molecule until smaller fragments

One of the bonds in a complex molecule is broken, and the components of a water molecule are added to the resulting fragments

-Opposite of decomposition
- assembles smaller molecules into larger molecules

Formation of a complex molecule by the removal of a water molecule

Amount of energy required to start a reaction

Promote chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy requirements

Compounds that accelerate chemical reactions without themselves being permanently changed or consumed

Things needed in your body to survive
-proteins
-fats
-carbohydrates
-vitamins
-minerals
-water

Generally do not contain carbon and hydrogen atoms as their primary structural ingredients

Molecules and substances that dissolve or break up in water

Uniform mixture of two or more substances

Larger portion of a solution

Smaller portion of a solution

The ability to absorb and retain heat

A large mass of water changes temperature slowly

A water molecule is called a

Ionic bonds are broken as the individual ions interact with the positive or negative ends of polar water molecules

Soluble inorganic molecules whose ions will conduct an electrical current in a solution

Molecules that interact readily with water molecules

Molecules that do not readily react with water are

What are 3 types of physical mixtures

-A solution containing dispersed proteins or other large molecules
-thick in appearance and texture (jello)

-Contains large particles in a solution
- these particles will eventually settle out of a solution because of the forces of gravity, if undisturbed

The negative logarithms of the hydrogen ion concentration in moles per liter is

What is a neutral pH?

What is an acidic pH?

What is a basic pH?

Normal blood pH is

Normal osmolarity (mOsm/L) of blood?

Normal potassium level in blood?

Normal sodium level in blood?

Any solute that dissociatesin solution and releases hydrogen ions, lowering pH

Solute that dissociates completely in a solution

Solute that removes the amount of hydrogen ions from a solution

An ionic compound containing any cation except a hydrogen ion and any anion except a hydroxide ion

Substances that stabilize the pH of a solution by removing or replacing hydrogen ions

An organic molecule that contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio near 1:2:1

-simple sugar
-carb. Containing 3-7 carbon atoms

3 types of monosaccharides

Molecules have the same molecular formula but different structures

Two monosaccharides joined together form a

3 or more monosaccharide form

-animal starch
-has many side branches consisting of chains of glucose molecules

contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, the carbon-to-hydrogen ration is near 1:2

Long carbon chains with hydrogen atoms attached

fatty acids can be attached to a modified simple sugar _____ resulting in a lipid know as a ______.

Glycerol + three fatty acids is a

Large lipid molecules that share a distinctive carbon framework

Steroids like cholesterol are important because:

Share a complex four-ring structures

Links a diglyceride to a nonlipid group

A carbohydrate attached to a diglyceride

-chain of amino acids
-most abundant organic compound in the human body

What essential functions do proteins provide in the body??

Proteins consist of long chains of organic molecules called

Amino acids consist of 5 components:

Protein shape:

Protein structure that forms extended sheets or strands

Protein structure that is compact, generally rounded, and readily enter an aqueous solution

change in  tertiary or quaternary structure that makes it nonfunctional

The four nitrogenous bases occur in nucleic acids are:

A High energy compound that is used by cells